Satirical Essay on Facebook

Facebook and MySpace are one of the legion(predicate) social networking tools that adolescents use to communicate. Many spend most of their twenty-four hour period browsing some other teens profiles and updating their own. After all, having a cool profile paginate and lots of friends is very authoritative in showing off your cyber social status. I dont resembling to boast, but Tila Tequila accepted me as her friend on MySpace. I leave her comments fairly often and Im hoping that one day she will actually reply Although she has approximately 1,000,000 friends, Im convinced she visits my profile often. We endure never had a real conversation but I read her bulletins all the time.I know she is always aware of my updated status and I am overconfident thats why she never comments. I myself keep about two hundred friends. I have only had real conversations with about 50 of them, the succour are people I have spoken to once or twice in my life. Of course I have many other music and movie stars, in addition to Tila Tequila. They are really soundly at keeping in touch with me thru bulletins. Being constantly do aware of my friends status updates such as, I am going to an dreadful party tonight, or Today was such a keen day, puts me ahead of the crowd.I dont know what I would do if I didnt know what my friends were doing every(prenominal) minute of every day. Like everything else, there are some downsides to MySpace and Facebook. The biggest enigma I have encountered is what to do when person I know, but dont handle adds me as a friend. I occasionally get friend requests from crazy people who I met once, but am glad I have never seen again. The problem occurs when they add me as a friend and I dont want to accept them. Not accepting a person is another way of telling them you dont like them.However, if you accept them you risk having a long and awkward conversation with someone you dont like. I guess this is just a problem you have to overcome when maintaining your virtual life. On the brightside, there are many upsides to MySpace and Facebook. You can use programs to remove pimples from your face when uploading your pictures. You can look at the extremely useful surveys people take and find out their front-runner band, what their favorite food is, how long they shower for, and many other important facts.You can fake your identity and get pictures of really good flavor people with nice cars and claim they are you so you can blend in really popular. You can even stay in your room for 7 hours straight and not get bored I truly witness that Facebook is a place for friends. It is friends who have too much time to retain online each day. This realization comes to me very sadly, however, as I do know reading about how Tila Tequilas day is going. Maybe one day she will come to the same realization and we can have a conversation in the real world.

Kickboxing: Learning and Great Way

I fall into 3 groups. nation who is passionate about gasconade, play it and love it, and safe(p) deal who pays anxiety to the pro. counterbalance of all, I fall into the group of the people who is passionate about sport is because when I was a little kid, I never identicald doing anything. I thought I dont need sport, it wont give me anything. But my parents wanted me to attend some sport for my confess good. I tried lots of sports such as Tennis, Swimming, Biking, but no(prenominal) of them never gave me a passion or inspiration. One day my brothers took me with them to their package practice.I sat there and watched everyone working their punches, defense and speed. I started to come out closely and started to repeat after them. I was hooked just the likes of I got hypnotized. Then I saw my self-aggrandizing brother stepping on the rabble, match started and punches went one after another and opponent just dropped like a tree that been chopped in the woods. I got so aro use and I thought this is a sport for me. Since I was very extremely skinny back then, I tried to train in my family line on my own, working the punches, and techniques that I knew nothing about.In couple of months I joined Kickboxing association. In couple of years I became more experient and competitive in my group, and it became passion of my life. Second, I fall into group of people who play and love it because the sport I like is very provoke to me and all my brothers do it and even my friends. We all like a big family. However, when my friend and I get into the argument, we can always take it to the ring and solve everything by just losing or winning the fight, and its a great way to get our anger out. Afterwards, we act like it never happened.Moreover, I love it because it teaches you speed, self-defense, and a great way to stay in shape. Third, I fall in group of people who pays close attention to pros is because when I see two fighters sparing, I take care closely at t heir moves, hits, defenses, and learn from their mistake so that I wouldnt be a loser when I step into the ring with my opponent. Also, it accommodating to learn their combos, which comes very handy in most of the time when I compete against the people whos twice bigger than me. But with skills and good technique that was learned from other pros, opponents dont post a chance against me.

Historical Review of John Dewey School and Society

As an American psychologist, philosopher, pedagogue, social dilettante and political militant influenced the universe of instruction in ways that tear down he could nt hold dreamed of. His thoughts about instruction and the value of philosophical thought and composing were set Dewey apart from his fellow pedagogues and led to his connections to the full term progressive instruction. He confided that tutor should stand for society, in its ends for doing unfavorable believe members of society, every bit heavy as be run in a democratic mode to mock the interior workings of the outer(prenominal) universe. Dewey voiced these positions in his work, School and Society, published in 1889, Democracy has to be born anew every coevals, and instruction is its accoucheuse ( fanny Dewey & A Education ) . He denoted his dissatisfaction for schools and their deficiency of advancing personal geographic junket and growing in their pupils repressive in nature, simple and secondary scho ols were denying pupils of critical chances for their personal advancement. Modern twenty-four hours schools deal Centennial High School, vocational schools, on-line schools, and new(prenominal) alternate schools encourage the types of indispensable chances that Dewey entangle pupils imply to win. The traditional environment was non contributing to the instruction of every kid Dewey adjudge the demand for alteration. So he wrote, every bit good as aid in execution, of assorted reforms that he hoped would back up schools as a major bureaus for the development of free personalities ( Sidorsky, p. thirty ) . Much like our upstart art and executing art categories do for pupils in modern twenty-four hours school scenes. Dewey s dreams ab initio became a world when they exposed the University of Chicago s experimental school in 1896.The experimental school was merely one manner Dewey s beliefs g personaled physical presence in the educational system. His beliefs that school s hould gyp pupils how to be problem-solvers by assisting pupils larn how to believe instead than merely larning rote lessons about big sums of information ( John Dewey & A Education ) . These types of patterns have come to the surface in reliable educational practices-like the demand for vocational schools when regular school is nt a down-to-earth option for some pupils. The thought that schools call for to refocus their attending on the pupils capability to utilize judgement instead than rote-memorization to roll up information was his manner to promote kids to develop into grownups who can go with judgements pertinently and discriminateingly on the jobs of human life ( Campbell, 1995, p. 215-216 ) . Among his other beliefs about the function of school, Dewey felt that school should promote pupils to larn to populate and work hand in glove with other people. Students need to cognize how to populate and work with the conjunction approximately them-this is another 1 of D ewey s thoughts that we still see in modern twenty-four hours athleticss, nines, and schoolroom activities-everyone has a sense of belonging and employment to keep a safe and respectful environment for themselves and the people around them. In School and Society Dewey wrote, In a complex society, ability to understand and sympathise with the operations and batch of others is a status of joint intent which merely instruction can secure. Dewey s positions of schools as a democratic scene meant that he encouraged pupils to lend to determinations that affect them and their instruction. Students needed to be advocators for their ain instruction, but still be respectful of the federation around them, including grownups. In add-on to these concerns for pupil rights, Dewey was determined to see that the rights and academically based liberty of instructors needed to stay integral as good. It comes to no surprise that Dewey was a member of the first instructor s fraternity in New York C ity, and his involvement in and concern with academic emancipation in universities led to his function as a laminitis of the American Association of University Professors ( John Dewey & A Education ) . His rank in the union reaffirmed his thoughts of protecting the instructors and their rights. Even though Dewey passed off, his thoughts live on through a current educational diary, Educational Theory, which continues to function as a haven for duologue about thoughts around instruction that Dewey and his co-workers foremost dissected. naive realism Pragmatism is defined as the first autochthonal motion of philosophical opinion to develop in the United States ( Sidorsky, 1977, p. twelve ) . Along with other intellectuals, Dewey aided in the development of pragmatism and its function in education-bringing precept into the schoolroom. pagan critic George Santayana identifies American pragmatism as a signifier of connexion of the American experimental and imaginative attitude with old philosophical thoughts. Dewey s educational beliefs were clearly advanced and ambitious, it is no admiration that his matter-of-fact beliefs ensued. The thoughts fare sense-children, like grownups, do things to profit themselves-at school childs may make good on an assignment to acquire good classs and so on. Pragmatism plays more functions, but one basically aspect that it ties into is American spiritual traditions and ideals through its cardinal point of human intents. . . derived from their wants and demands ( Sidorsky, pp. xv-xvi ) . Dewey felt that school should function a larger intent than rote memorisation. Harmonizing to historian Morton White, Dewey s matter-of-fact doctrine lays the foundation for a more effectual construction for American societal ideals by contracting the infinite between types of knowledge-scientific and others. School is supposed to learn kids to be effectual members of society. Pragmatic and democratic educational positions led to a li st of eternal possibilities for Dewey and his pupils it was their opportunity to go advanced leaders in their society. In Dewey s head, cognition was an interaction of being with environment in which the agent actively intervened to foretell future experience and to command it ( Sidorsky, pp. xxxv-xxxvi ) .Harmonizing to Sidorski, Dewey s matter-of-fact beliefs were, a memorial to that period in American refining which made possible a confident, optimistic vision of the possible masking of the methods of the scientific disciplines to the dominant traditions of doctrine and the major establishments of society ( p. lv ) . The connexions between scientific discipline and the remainder of the universe can still be seen in modern twenty-four hours schoolroom, and a batch of this sustainability can be linked back to Dewey. He non merely bucked up pupils to be critical minds, but he showed them the world of the relationships between scientific cognition and the other signifiers of c ognition and how they can work together to promote pupil triumph inside and outside of the schoolroom. He taught pupils to draw the trigger on their ain educational ends and demands.Despite the fitful tendencies in instruction of the 20th century, Dewey maintains the involvements of psychologists, philosophers, pedagogues, societal critics and political militants likewise and continues to see occasional resurgence.

Banneker Argument Essay

Banneker Rough plan 2 Decades before the Civil War, even when the nation was tho a few years old, thraldom played quite a polemic role in the joined States. While writing the Declaration of Independence, exclusions of entirely references made to slavery avoided conflict in an attempt to hold the flimsy young nation together during the critical period leading up to its independence. However, the leaders of the country knew the subject would pop up again. Just a few short years later, as the country began to envision its future, the coming back of slavery made another appearance.Many people, including free African-Americans such as asa dulcis Banneker, argued against slavery. In his letter to Thomas Jefferson, Banneker argues in favor of abolition with extol and passion through his mastery of powerful style, impassioned and reverent tone, and delirious appeal. Throughout the piece, Banneker reminds Jefferson of the struggle for independence. He recalls for Jefferson how disc ontented the colonies felt with King Georges tyranny. He supports his argument with key words from the Revolution, speaking of the rights and privileges bestowed upon the former colonists.He quotes Jefferson himself, move an excerpt from the Declaration of Independence which states that all men are created equal. However, umpteen thought slaves simply property and not men, so did not come out applicable to the situation in their eyes. Banneker warns against hypocrisy, stating with loaded words such as groaning captivity and cruel oppression that Jefferson and the others would be just as domineering as King George should they just stand by and let slavery continue. Banneker feels quite passionately about this, something reflected by his tone.He feels obligated to act, because so numerous a part of his brethren were experiencing carnal treatment and abhorrent horrors and all he could do to help included sending a strongly-worded, yet well-nigh likely ineffective, letter to a pol itical official. Banneker knows that unfortunately, despite his pedantic diction due to his extensive education, he holds less credibility than a sinlessness man during this point in time. So despite his passionate argument, the letter as a whole reflects respect.Banneker addresses Jefferson as sir, uses panegyrics, and towards the end of the letter he attempts flattery by stating your knowledge of the situation is extensive. This respect played a key role in Bannekers letter being mischievously considered. Bannekers tone fuels his use of the appeal pathos. Banneker speaks of the times when human incite appeared unavailable to the colonies, when they seemed to have no hope. He attempts to evoke feelings of altruism from Jefferson by insisting that he possesses the ability to do what the French did for the colonies- help lure the fight for license.Banneker reminds Jefferson how much he enjoys his freedom from England, something undeniable and labeled by Banneker as a blessing o f Heaven. Banneker uses Jeffersons intense value and cope for liberty and equality to point out the urgency with which his brethren should be give rights and privileges equal and impartial to those of white men. Bannekers fervent desperation for the freedom of his brethren seems almost tangible. The hypocrisy of the situation must have been understandably frustrating, but eventually, despite almost a century of waiting, slaves became emancipated in the United States. Word count 536

Unit Assignment

Then, the penning will go into further detail about problems and, dilemmas, that accompanied the gray tralatitious classification. As a consequence of this state of affairs, the psychological community of interests entirely agreed upon one matter. In short, its a fact of necessity, that the archaic footing, projective and objective must be parted with. Finally, substitute cost ar take uped to be designated as suitable the new placements, and, the community is all in agreement to simply refer to discernment tasks by their particularized name. Unit 8 Assignment Historical use of the Terms aim and ProjectiveMore than 10 years ago, psychologists confine been labeling spirit shews by dividing them into two fall apart types either the objective method or the projective method. Many people piddle seen them in documents, in the same exact way. Those two voice communication act up to be seen in textbooks, in all types of articles, in graduate programs, and, to a greater extent often than non all over the place. Historically, many psychologists have become employ to utilizing these terms without fully realizing that they do not begin to define, the psychological nature opinion tests that, they atomic number 18 purported to identify. The terms objective ND projective are not single scientifically inaccurate, but problematic from a professional standpoint as well (Bernstein, 2007, p. 202). Because, knowledge is attempt to keep up with todays clocks they are trying to eliminate those two terms, objective and projective from the lexicon. In the interests Of advancing the science of personality assessment, we believe it is time to end this historical practice and recall these terms from our formal lexicon and general discourse describing the methods of personality assessment (Meyer & Kurt, 2006, p. 223). The elderly descriptions do not accurately describe a human rationality.Historically, the methods that were used for describing personality assessment tests have always been divided into two give parts. The one section has been objective and the other section has always been projective. These words are ambiguous because they have several possible meanings and they are delicate to comprehend, distinguish or classify a certain type personality in these tests. Its deal painting a picture with two disparate colors and trying to classify it, with only two colors. The results of this show that the terms are so unclear, and they have multiple meanings.Unfortunately, the terms objective and projective give multiple, often unclear, meanings, including some connotations that are very misleading when employ to personality assessment instruments and methods (Meyer & Kurt, 2006, p. 223). It is essential not to utilize these words as comprehensive words because they do not cover everything they are purported to. The old and familiar terminology of objective and projective personality tests has misleading connotations that will not swear out the field well as We seek to have a more differentiated understanding of assessment methods (Meyer & Kurt, 006, p. 24). Some other reasonable alternatives need to be agreed upon and utilized. These unsuitable words cannot be continued because they are misleading in terminology. The unsuitable and primitive nature of the term projective is revealed when trying to arrive. It in umbrella label to characterize tasks as diverse as drawing ones family, telling stories in response to pictures, and stating what an ink blot looks like (Meyer & Kurt, 2006, p. 224).Problems with Traditional Classification There cannot continue to be a broad-based paintbrush that is applied and entities to label all psychometric personality assessment tests. Tests that are not so categorized will tend to be viewed less positively, heedless of psychometric data, because they are, after all, not objective (Meyer & Kurt, 2006, p. 223). Because of the past, there is too more than negativity surrou nding the term, projective. The terminology both, objective and projective are not necessarily what they seem. The term objective is a smokescreen for measures that can be estimable as subjective as anything else and the term projective is derived from untenable theoretical concepts that have anointed to create confusion in the field for a long time (Chilliness, 2007, p. 197). Some other substantial problem is when the effects of a test cannot be duplicated by the same test more than one time. If assessment psychologists did not derive overarching manikins and terminologies for classifying psychological tests, those who use, study, or critique these tests would do it anyway.In this respect, it is reform that an organizing framework be made explicit (and the logic underlying the framework spelled out in detail) than that multiple contrasting framework and labels emerge in isolation mongo different segments of the psychological community (Bernstein, 2007, p. 205). The volume of th e dilemmas above have all been a culmination of psychologists and psychiatrists in this community and their opinions about the problems with traditional classification.

Amoco Case Write Up Essay

As long-term paygrade is assumed, risk free set is set as 30-year treasury rate, 5.73%. Cost of debt is 6.72% reflecting Amocos assign level. Cost of equity is calculated as 10.63%, leading to final WACC at 8.85% (Chart 1).In DCF valuation (Chart 2), long-term growth rate is assumed to be 4%. Change in working capital is calculated as the average of 1997 and 1996 figure and is assumed to be constant for simplicity. Terminal shelter is pryd at $69,398.1 million and NPV is $51,525 million. Stock price will be $37.07, indicating an exchange ratio at 0.46. This is a very conservative valuation as our DCF price is lower than Amocos current market price.Regarding of triple valuation (Chart 3), P/E ratio from comparable firms are utilisationd, which leads us to an exchange ratio at 0.68. Thus, our estimation for Amocos stand-alone value is from $37.07 to $54.69 per share, i.e. 0.46 to 0.68-exchange ratio.As the acquirer, our basic negotiating strategy is to low the exchange ratio as much as possible. Based on our conservative evaluation of Amoco, our initiation exchange ratio is 0.46. For Amoco sides, their opening exchange ratio is 1. The big residue between our opening prices indicates this negotiating process should be tough.First, we checked the discount rate. For us, BP company, we engage 8.83%, however, Amoco they character a higher(prenominal) one around 9%. The master(prenominal) difference to calculate the discount rate is that we use the 30-year Treasury rate as risk free rate compared to Amoco used 20-year Treasury rate. Moreoer, we use the debt to debt plus equity but they use debt to equity to calculate WACC. To compromise these differences, we agree to use the average discount rate that doesnt pull ahead a large influence of the valuation price. After this, we discussed the most crucial factor growth rate. Based on the assumption in the case, we use 4% as net growth rate, 2% annual inunct demand growth rate plus 2% inflation rate. Howeve r, Amoco lay down the view that the oil price would grow at 6% in long-term, and its hard for both of us to get a compromise rate.Therefore, we jumped to synergy and currency questions, and we agreed on the synergy that Amoco would ingest BP the spousal relationship Americamarket and BP would use US currency to acquire Amocos share. After discussed all these details, we came back to the final offer price. We offered a higher one as exchange rate 0.6. Amoco rejected. Finally, after they thoughtful handling they offered 0.66 exchange rate or price 52.965 as their final offer, which for us is lower than our walk-away price 65.94. Therefore, we accepted this offer and we both fix our goals to reach the deal and build a good relationship with the other management team.The previous 959.6m Amoco shares will convert into 633.336m shares of BP ADS equivalent, with the previous 965.6m ADS shares, BP shareholders will take grapheme 60% of the new company, nonoperational have majority control over the firm. In this deal, we paid for about 20% premium, which is kinda standard and normal. Because synergies from gross and chemical divisions combination are not estimated nor not expected to bring benefit, the main synergy from the merge is 2 billion dollars saving of pretax direct cost.The value we create for our shareholders is $14,840.06 million (Amoco stand-alone value $46,430 million+ synergy $2 billion price paid for Amoco $33,538.94). But this number is quite tippy to a lot of factors, such as future muscularity demand, oil and gas price, industry growth potentials, ultimately affecting Amocos stand-alone and synergy valuation. Please see the chart 4 of sensitive analysis of Amocos stand-alone value according to the change of terminal growth rate in the appendices. But even modest assumptions still can lead to positive value created in this deal.

Homoscocial and Homoerotiscism in Shakespeare

Consider the affinity in the midst of homosocial and homoerotic in William Shakespe bes The Merchant of Venice and A 12th Night. To talk of an Individual in this period as being or non being a pederastic is an anachronism and ruinously misleading (Bray, 1982, pg. 16) Before a full-blooded argu workforcet can commence the indorser has to first distinguish a number of key points of deliberate, and more(prenominal) over understand them. The problem with such(prenominal) arguments is of course the hurdle betwixt contemporary thought processs and metempsychosis beliefs. The majority of in advance(p) reader/ auditions have an arrest of homo knowledgeableity, or it in some counsel has been visible to them.This leads to the problem of a advanced audience assuming a char prompter is a pederastic based on in advance(p) presumptions. nevertheless what would be regarded as gay in todays federation may non have during the renaissance. Another issue that moldiness be raised when considering this essay is the difference betwixt homosocial and homoerotic. Homosocial is defined by a relationship of a non-sexual or ro humanitytic nature in the midst of deuce or more members of the identical sex. homosexual is defined as sexual attraction between members of the same-sex.There for it is imperative the reader stay bearing when considering the notions of homosocial and homoerotic behaviour. The reader must also try to remember the contextual factors in which it was written and the audience/readers estimations. The first relationship this essay forget focus on is the one between Antonio and Bassanio from William Shakespe atomic number 18s The Merchant of Venice. These two sh atomic number 18 a genuinely strong wizardship, so much(prenominal) so that Antonio offers to lend Bassanio a very large sum of money. Antonio being a wealthy merchant however does not have the cash direct as it is tied up in his merchandise off shore.He and then decides to go to a Jewish money lender called Shylock and offers his shoes as guarantee for the loan. Shylock has been spurned by the Venetian citizens on numerous causalitys and quite frequently retells these cruelties. As a resolution instead of the property he decides he would or else have a pound of flesh from Antonio. Shylock -In such a place, such sum or sums as are/Ex turn ond in the condition, let the fall by the wayside/Be nominated for an equal pound/Of your decent flesh, to be skim off and taken/In what part of your body pleaseth me. (Act 1, scene 3) Antonio Content, i organized religion Ill seal to such a alignment/And say there is much kindness in the Jew (Act 1, scene 3) In this exchange between Antonio and Shylock, we are exposed to the great lengths in which Antonio will go to make his booster station and confidant Bassanio happy. He is willing to offer his life history as insurance. This speaks magnitudes for the pick out these two share, and if you take the mountain r ange of the flesh it could be said that the friends fates are now tied to one flesh. Then the man (Adam) said, This at put out is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh Therefore a man leaves his father and his mother and cleaves to his wife, and they become one flesh. (Genesis 223-25) To consider this image as a representation of espousals, this steers the reader/audience to believe that Antonio maybe cheats Bassanio more than a friend. It could be implied that there is a sen durationntalist conjunction between the pair and thus that their relationship is homoerotic rather than homosocial.This is curiously reinforced by the earlier scenes of the gather where Antonio is displayed as a mostly melancholic character. Antonio have a go at its bassanio is in destiny of a wife his depression could perhaps be originated from jealousy. On the other hand it could be argued that Antonio is just upset, because he is now going to be spending less time with Bassanio. integrity of the main problems with trying to define the relationship between Antonio and Bassanio, is how often their relationship has switches between homoerotic and homosocial undertones.Generally it depends on how the reader takes their exchanges, for example Antonios melancholic at the beginning of the play could be attributed to his jealousy of Bassanios want for a wife, or it could be his worry about the familiarity in which the two share. Antonio And such want-wit sadness makes of me, / that I have much spat to know myself. The problem would appear judging by Antonios definition of his sadness that, he is worried about himself. Both Antonio and Bassanio share very close relationships in which both(prenominal) men have grown unneurotic their characters are defined by apiece other.Bassanio awaitms to have matured to a point where his life needs more than companionship and wishes to get espouse Antonio on the other hand is not ready for this change and as result has to do some s oul searching. It is Antonios dismay at this rather than a romantic connection which causes the assumption that their relationship is homosocial rather than homoerotic. When Antonio offers to give shylock a pound of flesh if he fails on his loan Antonio expects to have the money rather easily so its a rather empty gesture mentioning a homosocial relationship. in time when he does default on the loan Antonio professes to Bassanio. Antonio Say how I loved you, speak me fair in death / And when the tale is told, bid her be judge /Whether Bassanio had not once a love Antonio is still willing to sacrifice his life for Bassanio and once again professes his love for his friend again suggesting a romantic relationship. The language which Antonio and Bassanio use when talking to or describing each other for a modern audience coxes them to believe them as being homosexual.However the cultural differences between contemporary audiences and renaissance audiences allow for a varied interpret ation. Bassanio To you, Antonio, /I owe the most, in money and in love, / And from your love I have a warranty/To unburden all my plots and purposes (Act1, scene1) For a modern audience if a man says to another man he loves him or talks of the love they share, it would be a safe assumption to label them homosexual or at least(prenominal) expect some instance of romantic connection. However if you substitute love from this extract for friendship it reads more or less the same and makes perfect sense.This is a difference in language, in Shakespeares time love would be utilize to pass friendship on a regular basis. The relations between men during the 16th century were very different from they are today, for example it would not thought suspicious if two men were to spend large amounts of time together or even share the same bed. In human-wide terms it would be very difficult to discern a homosexual relationship from companionship during Shakespeares time. The reintroduction of the anal intercourse act in 1565 meant sodomy was now a capital crime and anyone caught being homosexual was guilty by death.Homosexuality its self was not even invented or at least the term was not so sodomy was used to describe this act. interestingly enough there are no occasions where a soulfulness has been arrested or hung for sodomy alone. It would seem that same sex relations were broadly frowned upon but normally ignored. It seems it only became an issue when it threatened social order, the inactive mannish would also be prosecuted more harshly than aggressive male which was perceived by the authorities as a surrendering of his natural manful role in favour of a subordinate feminine one.As mentioned preceding(prenominal) during the renaissance period there was a large emphasis on the relationships between men. The thought that a man could find an equal, not in his wife but in a male friend and that bond be stronger than the one capable between men and women. This is true of Shakespeares plays also he uses sexuality to define his characters. The platter of sexual ambiguity in Twelfth night we are introduced to homosocial relationships as well as homoerotic and bisexual person tangents.The relationship between Antonio and Sebastian is very suspect. The first we see of Antonio and Sebastian is in Act 2 scene 1 where Sebastian is wanting to leave for Count Orsinos court in Illyria but Antonio has enemies there. Despite the riskinesss to Antonio he seems adamant to accompany Sebastian, however Sebastian states on more than one occasion he wishes for Antonio to stay. Antonio Will you stay no longer? nor will you not that I go with you? Sebastian By your patience, no.My stars shine darkly over/me the malignancy of my fate might perhaps /distemper yours therefore I shall thirst of you your /leave that I may bear my evils alone it were a boastful /recompense for your love, to lay any of them on you. Antonio Let me yet know of you whither you a re bound. (Act 2, Scene 1) As mentioned before love is often used within Shakespeares language as a substitute for friendship. However the exchanges between Sebastian and Antonio clearly signify something different, Antonios desperation to accompany his friend leads the reader and audience to assume there is a romantic connection.The maintenance of danger is outweighed by Antonios love for Sebastian and thus he decides to travelling to Illyria. The homoeroticism between the two men is clearly evident and is spelt out in laymens terms when later in the same scene Antonio says Antonio If you will not murder me for my love, let me be your retainer But come what may, I do adore thee so/That danger shall seem sport, and I will go (Act 2, Scene1) Antonio here also admits his love, sexual desire and submissiveness to Sebastian.Joseph Pequigney describes Antonios sexuality in his book such is My lovemaking A Study of Shakespeare sonnets as The reason for Antonios portrayal as homosexua l is that a liaison with him opens space for Sebastian in the diverse bisexual fictions that make up the Twelfth Night (Pequigney, 1985, pg 203) Antonio has clear homoerotic feelings for Sebastian and paints a very clear image of his sexual urges. Compared to Antonio from The Merchant of Venice, whose desire was innate(p) from friendship and homosocial. Shakespeare seems to have stepped up on the sexual commentary and make it far more obvious.The progression of Sebastian and Antonios love is finalised in act 3 scene 3, the audience sees Antonio make several comments regarding his desire for his lover. His love is best displayed by his speech to Sebastian Antonio My desire, / More sharp than filed steel, did spur me forth, / And not all love to see you / But jealousy what might pass off your travel (Act 3, scene3) His passion, desire and lust for Sebastian again clearly visible, later in the scene a discussion of sleeping arrangements leads to a very festive piece of stage writing where Shakespeare clearly refers to the Antonio and Sebastian having sex.Antonio There shall you have me, (Act 3, scene3) rattling plain and provocative and suggestive writing by Shakespeare, Pequigney as mentioned supra declares that Antonio is depicted as quite openly flamboyant homosexual is so Sebastian can part take in the bisexual theme of the play While he the Great Compromiser heterosexually virginal, he is unlike the virgins genus Viola and Olivia or Orsino in that he entertains homosexual impulses that are fully conscious and indulged.Antonio awakens those impulses, initiates him into interpersonal sexuality, and perhaps thereby prepares him to receive the sudden, surprising advances of the Illyrian lady (Pequigney, 209-10). Pequigneys opinions depict the relationship between Antonio and Sebastian as clearly homoerotic and indeed homosexual/bisexual. Shakespeare leaves little room for speculation regarding this pair of lovers/friends the nature of their relationship wo uld be clear to an audience of the renaissance and to a contemporary audience. The bisexual subplot in A twelfth Night is continued by the relationship between Orsino and Cesario (Viola).Orsino and Cesario share a similar relationship to Antonio and Sebastian however there are a number of major differences. Cesario is of course a woman hide as a man. During the exchanges between them we see Orsino refer to Cesario as a man but then juxtapose these with images of a pretrachal sonnet referring to Viola/Cesarios beauty, soft voice and femininity. So essentially the relationship between them both is homoerotic. As there is a clear sexual attraction to each other. To a modern audience who has knowledge of psychology and a broader understanding f gay baseball club will understand Sigmund Freuds opinion on sexuality which I feel helps explain the attraction between Orsino and Cesario. A large proportion of homosexuals retain the mental quality of malenessand that what they look for in th eir real sexual object are in fact feminine mental traits. (Freud, 1905) While Freuds view helps us understand Orsinos attraction to Cesario it is still difficult for an audience/reader to catalogue which sexuality Orsino belongs. Essentially the text suggests he is bi curious, Orsino in love with Cesario suggests a homosocial relationship perhaps with erotic undertones.However his love remains unconsummated until viola revels herself as a woman and thus their conjugation is possible. However Penquigney states The love for Cesario could not have changed instantaneously with the revelation of his femaleness if it is erotic then it would have been erotic before what does change is that marriage suddenly becomes possible, and hence the immediate proposal (Pequigney, 207). If in agreement with Pequigney it would suggest that the relationship between Cesario/Viola and Orsino has always been homoerotic it was only the constraints of society that prohibited Orsino from the actual act of love.For a Shakespearean audience this must have been a difficult sub-plot to follow as of course women were not permitted to act. There for those audiences would be watching a small boy/ little man, play a woman, which was disguised as a man. So their reactions to the performances of A Twelfth Night would be different for modern audiences. In mop up Shakespeare manages to create a multitude of relationships within the plays The Merchant of Venice and A Twelfth Night. He crosses the lines between homosocial and homoerotic on a number of occasions.The collocation of quite blatant homoerotic with seemingly homosocial relations keep the audience in a state of uncertainty where by sexuality, love and friendship are clouded. The differences that arise between a modern or renaissance audiences/ readers result in a modern audience being faster to judge the relationships as homoerotic. By keeping your mind free of modern social conventions we can gain a better understanding of the world of sexuality that Shakespeare was trying to convey.Bibliography The Merchant of Venice William Shakespeare the Cambridge university printing press published 1953 The Shakespearian Stage 1574-1642 3rd edition Andrew Gurr Twelfth Night the Macmillan Shakespeare 1972 Such Is My do A Study of Shakespeare*s Sonnets. By Joseph. Pequigney. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1985 The sexual aberrations S Freud The Material Queer A Lesbigay Cultural Studies , 1996 West view Press The New International Version The Holy Bible Homoerotic space the poetics of loss in Renaissance literature By Stephen Guy-Bray 1982 University of Toronto press http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sodomy http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history

Human Sexuality Essay

Teresita went to a fraternity party because shed hear that this fraternity really knew how to turn in play and she really needed fun after a disastrous academic week. She knew that some women had been taken wages of at previous parties, but she put that out of her mind, as she downed one and only(a) drink after another. Just when things were getting dull, the coolest guy on campus took her by the hand, led her upstairs and talked her into having sex. The next day, Teresita noticed that her vagina was bruised and bleeding. She barely recalled having sex, but knew who was responsible for her condition, and filed rape charges against him with the campus administrator.Phillip was alone on the beach. Midnight was his favourite time of day, there were no other people around and he could really enjoy the dense of the waves and smell of the ocean breeze. He was almost asleep when he entangle two women sit down next to him. One of them held down his coat of arms while sit on his ches t. The other woman pulled down his cleanse suit and began fellatio. In spite of his struggling and his anger, he got an erection. Both women took turns sitting on his erection, and left him when they were done. Phillip was confused he couldnt tell if he had been raped or not. He knows he didnt want to have sex with these women he didnt know, but cant recognise why he couldnt fight them off (they were both small than him) and why he had an erection.Monica is seventeen and has been having sex with guys since she was fifteen. Gary is twenty-one and heard that Monica was longing stuff in bed. They go out and have consensual sex. attached day, Garys friend tells him he raped Monica. Is Garys friend position?

Oreo market research Essay

Nabisco is a company that has been in existence since 1898. During their 109 years in existence, they hire grown through natural growth, mergers, and acquisitions. This has allowed Nabisco to be the leading collation get alongr in the military personnel. The oreo cookie chocolate get up cookie was demonstratetime introduced in Hoboken, N. J. in 1911. Oreos today are far and away the worlds most popular cookie. The Oreo family accounts for approximately 10 percentage of all store cookie gross salesa $3 million securities industry. However in recent years Nabisco has been reluctant to adapt to current market trends.The company was focusing on producing new versions of existing products to make them more convenient. Situation Analysis In 1898, the New York Biscuit community and the Ameri back tooth Biscuit and Manufacturing Company merged over 100 bakeries into the issue Biscuit Company, later called Nabisco. Founders Adolphus Green and William Moore, orchestrated the m erger and the company apace rose to first place in the manufacturing and marketing of cookies and crackers in America. To expand their global presence and to strengthen their position in the strong-growing consumer snacks welkin, Philip Morris Co.Inc. acquired Nabisco Holdings in December 2000. Philip Morris purchased Nabisco for $14. 9 billion in cash add-on assumed $4 million in debt. Eventually, Philip Morris integrated the Nabisco brands with its Kraft viands operations. And nowadays it includes brands such as Chips Ahoy, Fig Newtons, Mallomars, Oreos, Premium Crackers, Ritz Crackers, etc.. Nabisco Arabia Company Ltd. (NAARCO) was make in 1995 as a joint venture between Nabisco internationalist and The Olayan Group of Saudi-Arabian Arabia.In 2000, NAARCO made a major investment in a new plant to produce OREO, the worlds most popular cookie. OREO cookies were launched in the Saudi market in March 2001 with a major TV campaign. Internal Analysis The $3 million plant upgr ade include a whole new production line, new offices, additional warehousing, and new mess rooms for the transmute magnitude lay down force. Equipment from Spain, Italy, India, France, and Austria went into the world-class facility, under the supervision of Nabisco Technical Director plain-spoken Willemsen and the Technical Services Manager Anselmo Codina.The people of Kraft receive recognise that the business has an grievous role in society- a responsibility that included understanding and meeting the publics expectations, helping to address all important(p) social, environmental and economic issues and making a difference in topical anaesthetic communities and the world. They firmly believe that Our success will depend importantly on our willingness and ability to listen, get feedback on what were doing from those both inside and distant Kraft and act responsibly on issues of important concern. 1 Stargate make upMarket Analysis Target Market The current target market f or the original vanilla filling Oreo is children. The original Oreo cookies capture previously focused on and promoted the new colors for the creme filling and change the round shaped cookies into rolls, which would generate new interest amongst children, who would in hug drug convince their parents to buy the new cookie. Geographic Factor This project is through with(p) and carried on in Riyadh, the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia. Riyadh belongs to the historical regions of Nejd and Al-Yamama.The community of the city is 4,700,000 of which 60% are Saudis and 40 % are foreigners. And the absorption is 3,024 km square. Demographic Factor As Riyadh is cognize for its restrictions and be an Islamic country, the family life cycles followed here are usually all family members. spring chicken single people can not live separately and independently, fearing for them small mature boys/girls will live under their families until its time for them to start up their own fami lies. And broadly Saudi people are well cognise by their family sizes.Most of the family sizes are more then 6 or even far more than that. This is what makes the youth population really advanced in the kingdom. And it is something obvious and general that Saudi people are known for their wealth and considered as rich people and in return unclutter spunky incomes. Behavioral Factor As Riyadh is developing, people now are becoming awake(predicate) of various new brands which are attracting them to research and investigate things. Women here are obsessed about shopping and show a favorable attitude and interest towards the different brands.They are excessively considered as heavy users when it comes to brand devotion. 2 Stargate Institute Marketing essential As Oreo is a biscuit, and biscuits are food, so the most important need the Oreo biscuits satisfy is Hunger. But if we further narrow batch the needs, Oreo can be satisfying more than just the take up (hunger). *Oreo sa tisfies the nurturing need example, a mother having difficulties in feeding her 4 to 6 years old child with some nutrition food, can consider Oreo to feed her child with a sip of milk.*Oreo satisfies the imitation need example, kids watching the Oreo ad on TVs dapple the other kids are enjoying twisting, licking and dunking the cookie into a glass of milk. This forces the kids to fatality that cookie right away and imitate the same steps. *Oreo besides satisfies the fun need, and in this case not only kids will deprivation to have fun and enjoy Oreo even adults like to have fun once in a while individually or even with their kids. Market Trends Various on-going and changing trends in the consumer market tinct the business of an organization.Some of those having an impact on Oreo chocolate sandwich biscuits are A 2004 TNS study amongst Saudis has found a trend towards littler families. It revealed that Saudis realize the need for smaller families to provide a better prime(a) o f life for their children. Females have been given permission by the government to work which resulted in the increase of purchasing power. Driven by changing lifestyles and population growth the impact on the food market has been positive. The market and then witnessed rapid growth over the review period.The consumers in Saudi market are seen as active switchers with a medium brand loyalty level. Lastly, a study was conducted by TNS in 2007 which showed that 99 per cent of Saudi respondents in the study consumed chocolate food (chocolates, chocolate milk, biscuits, etc. ) in the last seven days, an increase from 95 per cent in 2004. 3 Stargate Institute Market Growth Growth in the Saudi Arabian biscuit market is being driven mainly by 2 factors firstly, the marked increase in advertising spend by multinationals such as Nabisco, Master Foods and Danone.Secondly, the popularity of emerging products such as chocolate-coated biscuits and bread substitutes, which have recently been l aunched in the market. Researches have shown that biscuits, particularly sweet biscuits, are generally sold at low prices, averaging between SR0. 25 and SR2 (US $0. 06 US $0. 53), for a single-serve pack and enjoy excellent distribution in all outlets. The biscuits sector is highly developed owing to the strength of the local industry in Saudi Arabia, represented by large manufacturers such as join Food Industries.Oreo sales showed a fluctuating result during the one-time(prenominal) 13 years. When Oreo initially was launched into the market, sales increased to a high extent for about 3 years but then sales decreased for a long period during 1997 to 2002. Oreo marketing managers became aware of their loses and immediately went back to action and changed their marketing mix and started to introduce several(prenominal) different new products. This effort resulted with high sales in 2008. gross revenue were amounted to $4 billion and market share 41%.

John Locke vs Thomas Hobbes

Locke vs Hobbes John Lockes belief in natural ripe(p)s atomic number 18 correct in foothold of natural rights because he believes in freedom, in every sense of the word, par and is a firm supporter in Democracy. Locke and Hobbes conflicting views are at their most basic form, to believe man or not. Locke believes that men will, with granted freedom be perpetually uncorrupted. Hobbes believes otherwise, saying that men, in the state of constitution will fight all of the time.Corny as it sounds, their conflicting viewpoints remind me of the era old struggle between good and evil. John Locke with his new learned person sense of thinking in Democracy and Hobbes with his belief in more than of an Autocracy, or an absolute monarchy, stuck in the thinking of the dark ages. That is why Lockes views on all men being equal, everyone being born into freedom, democracy at its most basic form and the general goodness in merciful beings are inherently, right.Reading excerpts from John L ockes book, you will find lots of his arguments on par and freedom of mans basic rights, are eerily similar to the foundation of which American government was formed, in the declaration of Independence. If some of the greatest men in our countries history believed so much in Lockes points on comparison and freedom that they decided to copy these ideas into the document from which they would create one of the most fortunate countries in the history of the world, then shouldnt it bear in ones mind that these ideas are important?That they are too a certain degree right? These are just examples of the power Lockes book has on those who truly enjoin it. He proves, again and again that with the belief in the genuine good in men, there will be little conflict as long as everyone is equal. I personally believe that is one degree centigrade percent correct. As much as there are set of bad people on this earth, the petty crimes and small infractions of the law, with full equality and fr eedom to all rights, the good of men would overcome these small difficulties, and be better for it.

Height: Width of Limpets Across Different Zones

boisterous Shore Ecology Holbeck Beach This understand was conducted to infer whether the stature to comprehensiveness ratio of limpets altered across the three main zones on the set down upper, middle and dishonor. It was carried out on Holbeck Beach, North Yorkshire, where limpets were calculated in totally three zones employ random sampling. We make up a signifi contri scarcelyet dissimilitude in the height to pear-shapedness ratio among the upper and lower prop and upper and middle shore. This is due to many factors, including the threat of dehydration and strong shivers. Limpet Patelle Vulgata granitelike ShoreEcologyHolbeck BeachUpper ShoreMiddle ShoreLower ShoreCallipers QuadrentRandom SampleDesiccation INTRODUCTION joint limpets, genus Patella Vulgata, atomic number 18 rear, on uptight shores, wherever on that point is an ara firm enough for wedment on stone candys, stones and in vibrate syndicates. 1 The common limpet is commonly appoint on Hol beck shore in relatively high abundance. Patella vulgata are in the taxonomic group gastropoda, and the family acmaeidae. They are abundant on rocky shores of all degrees of wave exposure but a high density of oceanweed makes it harder for the Patella Vulgata to attach itself to the rocks, so limpet density is reduced. 2 Patella Vulgata ware the ability to use their mucus and their alkali to clamp down upon the rock with considerable force. This allows them to remain safely attached at all times, despite strong wave march and the threat of desiccation during low billow. When the limpet is fully clamped onto the rock it is al to the highest degree inconceivable to remove them. The common limpet is a tempe commit species, so is found in general across Europe, spread from Nor path to Portugal. The grey conical shell of Patella Vulgata can reach a largeness of 6cm and height of 3cm with ridges radiating from the central apex.The goodly foot of the limpet is usually a yellow colo ur and attached to the placid interior of its shell. 3 Limpets graze upon algae, which promotes upon the rocks where they live. They can scrape the algae with its radula (a tongue coat with many rows of teeth) as they slowly move across the rock surfaces. The Patella Vulgata al way of lifes return to the same spot, known as the homing scar, in the beginning the tide withdraws. The shells grow to match the contours of the rock in order to unionize a strong seal, protecting them from desiccation and also predation.They find their way back to the same spot by using chemical cues, finding their own mucus track and following it back to their home point. 4 Limpets are the prey of a variety of creatures, including seals, fish, shore-birds, starfish and humans. The limpets have two defences fleeing or clamping down to the rock. They can determine which would be the most effective by detecting chemicals in the environment. Patella Vulgata have the general lifespan of 10 years but this ca n be drastically changed by the rate of increment. If in that location is an excess of food, the limpets grow exceedingly quickly but in general only live for around 3 years.However, if food is sparse, limpets usually grow very slowly but can live up to 20 years. 5 Patella Vulgata are hermaphrodites and on a lower floorgo a sex change during their life. At around 9 months they mature as males, but after a couple of years they change sex and become female. Spawning occurs annually, usually during the pass months as it is triggered by rough seas, which disperse the eggs and sperm. 6 The larvae has a oceanic life of about 2 weeks and then settles on rocks at a shell continuance of about 0. 2 mm, usually in rock pools or electron orbits that are constantly damp. HYPOTHESISOur surmisal states that in that location will be a unlikeness in the height to width ratio of limpets on variant parts of the beach lower, middle and upper. The null hypothesis states that on that point w ill be no difference between the height to width ratio of limpets on contrastive parts of the beach lower, middle and upper. regularity We visited an exposed rocky shore at Scarborough in order to deduce whether the height to length ratio of limpets changed across different zones of the shore. Initially, we had to identify the different area of the beach and we did this by using different types of seaweed and levels of diversity as an indicator. 7 The upper zone, also known as the high tide zone, does non have enough weewee to sustain large summates of vegetation. 8 The predominant organisms are anemones, barnacles, hermit crabs and limpets. The rock pools in this area are inhabit by large seaweed and small fish. The middle shore, or middle tide zone, is subaquatic by water for approximately half of the cycle. This means that at that place is the capability to support much more marine vegetation, specifically seaweeds. The organisms found there are more complex and large in size than nurture up the shore. 9 The rock pools can provide a suitable habitat for small fish, sea urchins, shrimps and zoo plankton. This area is more diversify than the upper shore. The lower shore, or low tide zone, is mostly submerged submerged. The most noniceable difference of this sub-region is the large diversity of different types of seaweeds. Organisms found in this zone are generally less adapted to periods of dryness. The creatures are generally the largest and most complex organisms on the shore as there are more sources of food as marine vegetation flourishes.The way that we sampled was random, meaning that every point is equally likely to be selected, and plectron of one point does not change the probability of including any separate point. 10 Once we had deduced the zones, we picked a random point in the zone, which was always the origin, and utilize a random number chart to decide how we far would base on balls before putting down the quadrant. We then measu red the height and width of all the limpets inside the quadrant. In order to measure the limpets accurately we utilize a set of callipers the callipers were positioned from the posterior end of the shell to the anterior.On average we measured 27 limpets per zone. We did not calculate a running mean but we knew from other students that variation decreases in the region of 20-25. We equanimous the data using a simple tally, adding to it during the day. RESULTS Lower to Middle Shore My hypothesis was that there would be a remarkable difference in the height to length ratio of limpets found between the lower and mid shore. My statistical prove gave a t-value of 1. 3 at 52 degrees of freedom. This value is not large enough to give me any confidence that there is a statistically significant difference, as it is below 1. 8 therefore I essential reject my hypothesis and borrow my null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the height to length ratio of limpets foun d between the lower and mid shore. Middle to Upper Shore My hypothesis was that there would be a significant difference in the height to length ratio of limpets found between the mid and upper shore. My statistical test gave a t-value of 3. 3 at 50 degrees of freedom. This value is larger than 2. 70, giving me a 99% confidence that there is a statistically significant difference and therefore I am able to accept my hypothesis. Upper to Lower ShoreMy hypothesis was that there would be a significant difference in the height to length ratio of limpets found between the upper and lower shore. My statistical test gave a t-value of 3. 2 at 52 degrees of freedom. This value is again larger than 2. 70 giving me a 99% confidence that there is a statistically significant difference and therefore I am able to accept my hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS The data we collected shows that the smallest limpets found on the Holbeck shore were on the middle shore. We found that, on the lower shore, the limpets had the smallest height but the largest width.This can be explained as they are the affected most by strong waves and are most at risk of being washed away. To combat these problems they have a school but wide shell to give the largest area for the muscular foot to hold onto the rock. Also, the limpets at the bottom of the shore are underwater for the nightlong time. This means that they have less problems combating desiccation than limpets in the other zones. This allows for a larger circumference of the shell, as it is not as essential to have a perfect seal to the rock. 11On the upper shore, the limpets we found were generally taller with a smaller base of their shell. Being far up the beach, they do not have as many strong waves which may wash them from their rock so they do not need as large an area for the muscular foot to grip the rock. However, the smaller circumference lowers the chances of having an imperfection in the shape of the shell compared to the homing scar, mea ning that a perfect seal will be created. This is of paramount importance as they spend most of their time exposed and in the sunlight meaning desiccation could intimately occur. 12 To help prevent desiccation, the tall shell allows water to be confine inside, creating a small pool and allowing the limpet to survive whilst being out of water during low tide. FURTHER DISCUSSION Apart from the threats of desiccation and strong waves, there may be other factors which influence the growth of limpets in different areas on the shore. One factor would be the feeding time usable for limpets. 13 Limpets further down the shore spend more time underwater so they have more time to graze where as the limpets further up the shore have very little time under water so have very little grazing time. 14 The amount food eaten may in some way affect the growth patterns and development of the conical shells. Another factor is salinity. When the shore is submerged regularly by sea water, the salinit y generally remains stable. However, in areas with an abundance of rock pools may have varied salinity levels. As rock pools constantly dry out, due to exposure to warm temperature, the water evaporates passing behind the salt. 15 Overtime the salinity levels become high, making the rock pool inhabitable to many creatures, including limpets which can only tolerate normal sea water salinity. 16 Fluctuations in salinity alter the water potential and may cause cells in the limpet to become turgid or flaccid two of which are dangerous. REFERENCES 1 RG Evans (1974). Biology of British Limpets Page 411. embed on 12. 10. 12. 2 I Cockcroft. Website Gyllybeach, commonplace Limpet. demonstrate on 13. 10. 12. 3 Fish, J. D. & Fish, S. (1996) A students guide to the seashore. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. raise on 13. 10. 12 4 Website pznow, Limpets. Found on 14. 10. 12. 5 Hill, J. M. , (2000). Patella vulgata.Common limpet. Marine feel Information. Found on 17. 10. 12 6 BBC (2005) Website BBC, Science and Nature, Animal Fact Files, Common Limpet. Found on 12. 10. 12. 7 Vipera, T. Website Life Under The Sea, Zonation. Found on 18. 10. 12. 8 YPTE (2010). Website ypte, Environment, Rocky Shore Ecology. Found on 15. 10. 12. 9 Rothery M (2005) Rocky Shore Handout. Found on 20. 10. 12. 10 R Easton, Hall J. Website Stats Glossary, Sampling. Found on 18. 10. 12. 11 Norfolk WT (2011). Website Norfolk Wildlife Trust, Wildlife, Common Limpet. Found on 20. 0. 12. 12 J Adams (1999) A Comparison of Width and Height of Common Limpets Between a Sheltered Shore and an Exposed Shore.. Found on 20. 10. 12. 13 Levinton J. S. (1995) Marine biology function, biodiversity, ecology. Oxford University Press. Found on 22. 10. 12 14 Bennett, I. (1987) W. J. Dakins classic study Australian Seashores. , Angus & Robertson, Sydney. Found on 22. 10. 12. 15 Wars (2011). Website Limpet Wars, marine science. Found on 20. 10. 12. 16 Knox G. A. (2001) The ecol ogy of seashores. CRC Press. Page 557. Found on 20. 10. 12

Leontief Input-Output Model in the Real World

IntroductionWassily Leontiefs name is associated with a particular type of numeric economics excitant-output compend (The New School, Profile of Wassily Leontief). The application of the dynamic input-output epitome serves as a guide in reviewing Leontief s contributions in devil of the most important aspects of economic ripening and structural change the breeding of standards of living and the effects of the mechanization of production processes on labor. The purpose of this relieve oneself is to familiarize the reader with the theoretical framework, verbalism and use of regional input-output models in the real world.The description of the analytical framework of an input-output model includes a word of honor of the components of the model, an analytic measures derived from the model, and the assumptions of the model. The work presents the phases of model planning, construction and use, including most of the inherent limitations and problems. Finally, some suggestions for effective use of the model will be proposed.Leontief went to Harvard in 1937, where, with the aid of a few graduate student assistants, he completed the construction of the first input/output model for the 1939 U.S. economy, which, despite its primitive nature, based to be an important planning putz during World War II. For example, it showed that electric chair Roosevelts rash promise to deliver 50,000 planes to the Allied forces was unrea magnetic dipic, and the model indicated the bottleneck obstacles that must be first overcome.The Leontief input-output systems takes the form 3.1-1 (I A) X = F where F is the sender of last use up by vault of heaven, I is an identity intercellular substance, A is the matrix of technical coefficients, and X is the vector of gross output by sector. The main purpose of the input-output model is to explain the magnitudes of the interindustry flows in terms of the levels of production in each sector. The Leontief input-output model also makes several special assumptions which ar not necessarily make in other interindustry models. The most important of these be (1) that a given product is only supplied by one sector (2) that there are no joint products and (3) that the quantity of each input used in production by any sector is laid entirely by the level of output of that sector (Leontief Input yield mannequin 2000).The integration of the input-output model based on equation 3.1-1 with the final demand model based on national income accounting poses triplet problems immediately. First, the input-output accounting involves gross output concepts, while the national account information published for most developing countries deals with value added concepts. The second problem in the transformation, is the lack of time series data on final demand deliveries by each sector unless input-output tables exist for all years. Third, it is not to be expected that such a simple system will prove useful for all kinds of prob lems. A given aggregation into sectors may be valid for one purpose but not for another.The dynamic input-output analysis allows economists to develop a general equilibrium system that, moving from the know economic conditions of the base year, traces different realizable development paths of the economy, depending on the assumptions made on the proportions in which the national product is divided into consumption and investment, and on the investment coefficients in each sector. In his Nobel speech communication, Leontief asserted The subject of this lecture is the elucidation of a particular input-output view of the world economy.This formulation should run a framework for assembling and organizing the mass of factual data infallible to describe the world economy. Such a system is essential for a concrete understanding of the world economy as well as for a systematic mapping of the alternative paths along which it could move in the future (Leontief1973). Leontief s analysis fo cused on the consistency mingled with the targets and the distribution of resources around the world. Among the most important conclusions and policy implications of the analysis are the necessity to increase the target rates of growth of gross products in the less developed countries, if the objective of increasingly closing the gap amongst North and South has to be fulfilled the identification of political, social and institutional, more(prenominal) than physical, limits to sustained growth for the developing world and the important indication that the be of contamination abatement do not necessarily represent a threat for economic development.Input-output analysis is a useful and productive tool for regional analysis. It can provide important and timely information on the interrelationships in a regional economy and the impacts of changes on that economy. Thus, it can provide pertinent information about the impacts of economic growth and/or eliminate and the relative benefi ts and costs of alternative development strategies. Recently, the combination of a riches of economic development issues to which input-output analysis can be applied and increase availability of computerized input-output models have led to an increased interest in this technique. The study contribution that input-output concepts and data have made to the analysis of economic development was reflected both in the large number of Conference participants from developing countries and in the generous sponsorship provided by UNIDO. Jacob Kol considers the probable effects on employment in the European Community and a group of (relatively industrialized) developing countries of a equilibrate increase in trade in manufactures (McKinley 2000).ConclusionLeontief is one of the first economists who was deep concerned about the impact of unabated economic activities on the world(prenominal) environment. In his Nobel lecture, he outlined a simple input-output model where pollution was trea ted explicitly as a separate sector. His input-output analysis has buzz off a classic technique of economic behavior, and some go as far as comparing him with John Maynard Keynes. One would never deficiency to conclude a review of the contributions that Leontief offered to economic science, any possible list would always fall short of the overall substance to the reader, a cognitive content of search, even more than research, for some pattern, some code hidden tail end the surface of social and economic appearances, able to explain what happened and why, and what to expect, a message that springs from the synthesis of an immense and reasoned background which melts history, anthropology, philosophy, and certainly all the possible economic knowledge at the service of the humanity.Works CitedLeontief Input Output Model 17 January 2006. 19 September 2000 http//media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_lay_linearalg_3/cs_apps/leontief.pdfLeontief Input-Output Model 18 January 2006 http//math.carle ton.ca/vdabbagh/leontief.pdfMcKinley, Turi. Wassily Leontief. 17 January 2006. tremendous 21-25, 2000 http//www.iioa.org/leontief/links.htmlThe New School, Profile of Wassily Leontief. 18 January 2006 http//cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/leontief.htmWassily Leontief Structure of the World providence Outline of the Simple Input-Output Formulation.17 January 2006. 11 December 1973 http//nobelprize.org/economics/laureates/1973/leontief-lecture.pdf

Case Study Jyske Bank Essay

Jyske entrust was established in 1967 after merging quad Danish pious platitudes operating in Jutland. Jyske Bank had been considered as a typical Danish avow, which is prudent, conservative, well managed and undifferentiated till the late 1990s. However, with the new strategy, the bank developed to guide differentiation from the mid of 1990s among great summate of Danish banking node atonement.Q1. What is Jyske Banks new positioning or rivalrous differentiation strategy?Base on the case, Jyske Banks new positioning strategy is strongly believed to be developed from its union set and Jyske Differences by the managers. In order to achieve Jyske Differences, which comes from Jyske Banks warmheartedness values, the banks managers just became overt ab divulge values they had long held. The core values tout ensembleow managers to reevaluate how the bank make for and dish its consumers. Therefore, managers decided to birth some specific practices that deliver dish out dif ferently from both how it had in the past, and how other banks delivered assistance. In other words, they would have to change their conservative position of the past and become a attend determined and node innovative bank within the private-enterprise(a) banking sector. With the assist of Dutch consultant that the research findings showed the target market consisting in the main of Dutch families (60% retail) and small Danish telephone circuites (40% commercial), were favor able-bodied towards the idea of bank that had a function and believed in what it stood for. Additional research was withal conducted in more concentrated argonas concerning the banks 4Ps- Product, Place, Price and Promotion from a customer orientated standpoint.In contrast, softening factors such as customer relationships with the bank, served as the banks differentiation. From evince 1, which indicates that Danish Banks were in intensive competition, Jyske Banks managers should reestablish its comp etitive position, it went through a major transformation and positioned itself as a laid-backly customer-focussed bank, eager to foster relationships with customers, escort their needs and sell solutions accordingly. Jyske Banks new positioning is however targeted less risky customers who could afford its grant pricing and were comfortable with the banks candid personality and portrayed image. Although after that the bankis only about 6% of the market, but that is what call personality, some spate should dis alike(p) them. Jyske Banks competitive differentiation strategy was natural out of its values and differences discussed in the case Exhibit 4, which emphasized equality, transparency, honesty, follow and efficiency.The aim was to have these values embedded in each of the away customer-facing and internal aspects of its business and operations and distinguish itself from competition. Jyske Bank differentiated itself on the service delivery aspect and invested in tools th at would improve its employees big businessman to deliver solutions and increase the time spent with its customers. so, the competitive differentiation strategies mainly contain a shift from traditional product centre merchandising to a customer- solution approach and the way the banks core financial product to deliver so as to give customers a different banking experience.Q2. What changes did the bank make to gat to its new position? What incumbrance did these changes have?In order to successfully implement its new customer- focused strategy, Jyske bank had to make both tangible and intangible changes in their business operations, as well as how they delivered service to its customers, where necessary not only to influence the outcome of the business but also to provide guaranteed customer satisfaction. These changes were do to reflect Jyske Differences in every possible way. The tangible changes they made were changes to the account groups, branch design, and details. To be more specifically, account teams were created to work together and provide personalized service to each customer to foster customer intimacy and increase understanding of customer needs. The branch interiors were remodeled to make the customers musical note welcomed and cared for.The round table design, similarity in chairs and customers sitting near the employees workstations was knock over as it helped in the government issueive use of IT programs designed to structure interactions betwixt account team members and consumers, that facilities the employees ability to deliver solutions and save time. even out a caf inside the branch that provides homely environment to consumers. Those visible screens also reinforced the portray openness of information with the customer. The intangible changes were training troubleaticalteambuilding and consumer service, empowering the branches as well as throughout the bank, management style, and human resources. The effect of these strategic changes as lead to an increase in customer satisfaction based on data collected by independent terce parties and has the highest customer satisfaction level among its major competitors.Q3. Analysis Jyske Banks success using the Service select crack cocaines Model. (e.g. what are Jyske Banks strategies for closing each of the 5 interruptions in the model?)Service Quality gaps ModelJyske Bankss successThe customer gapThe bank was able to close this gap because providing customer with their superior services. They had only targeted the premium customers to whom the legal injury did not matter. As a result of which they were able to provide the customers high quality services and were able to achieve minimum customer gap and highly satisfied customers.The listening gap (Not knowing what customer expect)Refer to competitive positioning of the bank the soft factors relating to individual customer relationship are relatively important. Jyske Bank changed the way they deliver services and had come out with IT tool to first figure out the customers problem and expectations. They had dedicated a team of 4 employees per customer to get a better understanding of customers problems. A good market research orientation also benefits to decline the listening gap. They conducted surveys to detect customers expectations. Thus they highlighted that customers expectations had changed factors like price, product or location had become basics for customers, who focused more on differentiating factors like bankers behavior and interest toward customers. Finally, the firm developed an telling relationship focus on what consumers need. They first decided to specify only on two customer segments, Danish Families and Small-to-medium-sized companies, and to focus only on people sharing the Jyske Bank values. This strategy made it easier to understand customers expectations and to build long- term relationship with them.The service design and standards gap (Not selecting the rem ediate service quality designs and standards)To close the poor service design, absence of customer- driven standards and inappropriate physical evidence, the bank assigned a small team of branch bankers to serve each customer, which provided its customer with the best in sieve service in terms of the customer solutions and also provided customers with the best base of operations facilities to make them feel at home, e.g. caf, fruit juice, openness of bankers screen.The service performance gap (Not delivering to service designs and standards)In human resource policies, the bank has an effective recruitment that looking for social abilities instead of banking skills. Jyske Bank was successfully able to retain its employees and provide them with adequate trainings. Jyske was not only the leader in customer satisfaction but was also a leader in employee satisfaction as well. The employees were provided with good incentives and were kept happy so that they could work.The chat gap (Not matching performance to promise)The bank provided interactive marketing parley plan to the customers that all the possible information that the customer required all the solutions are delivered to consumers. Jyske Bank also implemented a good up(a) communication to employees. According to their re-organization of the structure (dissolution of headquarters), which leaded to less layers amid exceed management and front-line employees, and thanks to a good intern communication between managers and contact employees, customers expectations were transmitted easily and quickly trough the firm. Most employees like working for Jyske and appreciate to Jyske Difference.Q4. In your opinion can Jyske Banks sustain its growth and success? Would you invest in Jyske Bank?I think Jyske Bank can continue its growth and success and I am willing to invest in Jyske Bank. Because the bank already has its accept competitive positioning that they made a lot of changes on service delivery in both tan gible and intangible sides. Secondly, the leadership that Jyske Bankestablished is also an important reason, Jyske was the largest and most richly- priced bank in Demark in 2003, and they achieved the leadership in customer and employee satisfaction, which enable Jyske to step further. According to the sack up income increased considerably, shareholders could receive growing annual return in overture years. Besides, Jyske Banks core value is to gain the balance among their terce stakeholders employees, customers and shareholders. They were more interested in determining how the bank could remain in a position of leadership while still keeping the interests of its pigment stakeholders in balance.Referencehttp//thefinancialbrand.com/2893/jyske-bank-branch/

Are Mobile Phones a Health Risk? Essay

AbstractIn this report I aim to figure whether or non active rallys mystify a pretend to our wellness. I will explain how b jeopardize phone electro magnetised ray can be perceived as dangerous, with reference to the EM spectrum. I will cite scientific sources of induction which support twain sides of the dispute, and will come to a reasoned expiration as to how likely it is that erratic phones be a health attempt. I will withal evaluate the credibility of the sources accustomd to support my conclusions, and key out both the sources used throughout in a detailed bibliography. incoming meandering(a) phones are becoming plusly popular in like a shots world with around 80 million handsets in Britain, in that location are now more brisks than people 1. Theyve become an essential fail of our existence, in business, in our daily lives and in keeping in strive with our loved ones however, on that point is growing concern that this technology is causing unspoilt h ealth problems throughout the population, such as lasting whizz misuse and cancer. The Media consistently tends to portray fluent phones negatively, fuelling the publics fears and misgivings this study aims to determine from the scientific evidence whether or not nimble phones present a risk to our health.Main PointsHow might nimble Phones be Hazardous to our health?After studying numerous publications, I moderate prove that if there are concerns intimately how mobile phones may pose a risk to the health of their users, they can be divided into two categories The first is electromagnetic radioactivity from the phone damaging human cells and practice cancers and tumours. The second is that the EM actinotherapy therapy from the handset creates a heat energy effect.What is EM beam?EM ray of light is something we are exposed to all the measure TVs, radios, satellite communications, etceteraall use EM waves to transmit randomness. Light is a form of EM radiation, as ar e the UV rays from the sun. The danger is that EM waves with a high frequency (UV rays, X-rays and gamma rays) are forms of ionizing radiation. This means that they have equal slide fastener to damage cells and their DNA by stripping electrons from, or in actually high energy radiation, even break apart the nucleus of atoms 2 and as such can cause genetic malfunctions which can lead to cancers.What are the Possible Dangers of prompt Phone EM Radiation?Cancer-Inducing effects of RadiationMobile phones use zaps in order to transmit their information, and not UV, X or gamma rays. Microwaves are not ionizing, and so are not as dangerous as the higher frequency EM waves. However, mobile phones are still relatively new technology, and the effects of prolonged characterization to non-ionizing radiation are still unknow, as is whether prolonged exposure to the microwaves of a mobile phone handset, especially so close to the soul, will cause whatever serious health damage.The Heati ng Effect of RadiationWhen EM radiation reaches an object, the photons energy causes the molecules of the surface they collide with to vibrate, creating thermal energy and melt the surface they collide with slightly. We use this everyday with infrared (another EM radiation) heaters etc. The concern here is that as handsets are held so close to the brain, this thawing effect could warm the sensitive brain create from raw materials, causing permanent damage. This, as well as the concerns about the possibly cancer-inducing radiation of handsets, is thought to be more of a risk in children, who have thinner skulls and a still-developing nervous system 4.Physiological Effects of EM RadiationEffects of Low-Frequency (Non-Ionizing) EM Radiation In GeneralIt is important to remember that Mobile Phones utilise Microwave radiation, a non-ionizing form of radiation, so in my look for I have also looked at the effects of low-frequency EM radiation in general not plainly in the application of mobile phone technology. I have frequently found that concern for children specifically is raised as a common fear, and in the course of my interrogation discovered an provoke study published by the Institute of physical science Publishing, which explored the effects of low-frequency electric and magnetic fields (i.e. those caused by EM radiation) on the foetus. The study concluded that the foetus was not exposed to electric and magnetic fields, though these fields were confirmed within the mothers spinal anaesthesia chord. 5Cancers and Brain Tumours due to Mobile Phone Radiation?The vast legal age of youthful publications agree that current evidence suggests that mobile phones (both the handsets and broadcasting/receiving masts) do not cause cancers or brain tumours two very recent sources, one a joint- sayment from the Nordic Radiation preventive Authorities, the other a Mobile Phone Fact-Sheet published by the Heath Physics Society, both agree that there is no evidence for mobile phones causing contrary health effects 6 7. However, the joint-statement goes on to acknowledge that the technology which uses radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation is still relatively new only two decades old and so active research must continue into finding out whether or not there are health dangers presented by radiofrequency radiation this is a view agreed upon by the World wellness Organization (WHO), which state the available evidence does not point towards any increased health risks attributable to mobile phone exposure, though further research and risk analysis should continue. 8This said, the argument for mobile phones causing brain tumours still persists the WHO also mentions that recent studies seem to suggest an increased risk of acoustic neuroma and certain brain tumours in users of analogue mobile phones for a time stay greater than 10 geezerhood A point corroborated by a 14 months study conducted by Dr Vini Gautam Khurana. Khuranas study conclu des that Malignant brain tumours may take several years to develop, and the relative incidence of malignant brain tumours is increasing. This suggests that mobile phones may have been causing brain tumours for several years previously, but due to the development period of these tumours, the effects would only just be becoming recognizable and indeed the number of tumours is increasing. Khurana also goes on to address the point introduced by the WHO, that There is a growing and statistically significant body of evidence reporting that brain tumours such as vestibular Schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) and astrocytoma are associated with heavy and prolonged mobile phone use, oddly on the same side as the preferred ear for telephony. 9 In addition to Dr Khuranas study, there are many older sources of information conjecturing about the issue but most have been either over-the-hill or discredited since their publication.Finally, it is worth noting that the International Commission on Non -Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), one of the main bodies who set international non-ionising radiation safety limits, set these limits based only on the thermal effects (i.e. tissue heating) of mobile phone radiation 10, due to the concomitant that this is the only scientifically substantiated risk to humans from non-ionising radiation in large quantities possible risks of cancer-inducement by the low-frequency radiation are not taken into account due to a lack of internationally accepted proof.DiscussionAfter studying the scientific publications and evidence above, I am of the perspective that the EM radiation of mobile phones cannot cause brain tumours or cancer because of the effects of ionizing radiation, as the microwaves emitted by mobile phones are simply too low-frequency to have the energy need however, I do agree with the views of the NRSA 6 and the WHO 8, that as the utilisation of radiofrequency EM radiation is still a relatively new technology, it cannot full y be known at present whether or not it can still pose a health risk in the form of causing tumours by some other factor, and so research must continue until conclusive evidence is found, I take we should adopt a precautionary approach, minimising our use of mobile phones for extended periods of time.I think that Dr Khurana 9 raises a very interesting point about the period of time needed for tumours to develop and their increasing incidence. This seems to me a plausible explanation for the current increases in tumour incidence however, I conceive it important to acknowledge that the apparent correlation amidst mobile phone usage and brain tumour incidence does not necessarily represent a causal link the increase in tumour incidence comes at a time when improvements in symptomatic techniques are constantly being made, and also at a time when the worlds population is increasing dramatically, and so the incidence of tumours could be expected to likewise rise.ConclusionAfter consid ering the scientific evidence on both sides of the dispute, Are mobile phones a Health Risk? I personally have come to the conclusion that mobile phones are tall(a) to cause brain tumours or cancers because of the EM radiation emitted by either the handsets or their base stations. I believe this because, firstly, mobile phones use microwave radiation to transmit data, and microwave radiation does not have enough energy to be ionizing it is my opinion that the media has demonised radiation in all forms by highlighting the dangers of ionizing radiation (e.g. Gamma rays which have been proven to cause cancers) and from this the fears about mobile phone EM radiation have spawned. Secondly, I believe this as the overwhelming majority of recent studies have not found concrete evidence to suggest that mobile phones can cause tumours.As to the danger of the heating effect EM radiation from mobile phones calefacient sensitive brain tissues and causing lasting damage, I believe that this is frequently more likely to present a potential health risk of mobile phones as, firstly, the scientific theory behind it seems sound to me it is an established fact that colliding photons from EM waves imparts to the molecules of the surface collided with energy, which causes said molecules to vibrate and heat up, and secondly, in my opinion the fact that the ICRINP sets the international radiation safety levels based solely on this heating effect adds great weight to the plausibility of the argument that the heating effect of mobile phones could pose a health risk (although the EM emissions of mobile phones are well below these levels).Overall therefore, I believe that there is some possibility that prolonged use of mobile phones (and so prolonged exposure to the heating effect of the EM radiation) could amount to a potential health risk and could cause lasting brain damage. I agree with the recommendation of the WHO to adopt a precautionary approach to mobile phone use to only use them for extended periods of time when dead necessary.Evaluation of Credibility of References* 6 The Joint-statement from the NRSA one of the most recent sources available, significance that its issue is highly likely to be up-to-date. The combined expertise of the NRSA greatly increases the sources reliability, as does the reputation of providing accurate and honest information that these authorities have to uphold. However, it could be argued that some vested interest may exist as mobile phone giants Nokia and Erikson are based in Finland and Sweden respectively, and so the authorities may have been trying to protect their countries economies in the downturn by presenting mobile phones in a positive light.* 7 The HPS Mobile Phones Fact-sheet this factsheet is again a very recent source, and again the HPS has a lot of expertise in matters of health-related physics both of these factors increase the sources credibility considerably.* 8 The WHO although this source is quit e old, which gives sphere for it being outdated, the WHO is a very reputable source looked to internationally for recommendations for polity etc. due to its wealth of expertise and independence. These three factors all increase its credibility, and in my view outweigh the age of the source (and in any case, the WHO would have updated its information if required).* 9 Dr Khurana PhD, FRACSs study Dr Khurana is a highly adequate individual with great expertise in the field, and furthermore included in his study a period of over 14 months of his own research, meaning that he had a great ability to see the effects of radiation on health, both of which strengthen the sources credibility.Bibliography of References* 1 Number of Mobile Phones in the UK statistic from The Daily Mail http//www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1224827/As-new-evidence-links-mobile-phones-greater-risk-tumours-using-cost-child-life.html Last Updated 3/11/09* 2The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http//www. epa.gov/rpdweb00/understand/ionize_nonionize.html Last Updated 22/10/09* 3 Image of EM spectrum from The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency http//www.arpansa.gov.au/mobilephones/mobiles1.cfm1* 4 Prof Kjell Mild, of Orbero University, Sweden http//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1565477/Mobile-phone-cancer-risk-higher-for-children.html produce 8/10/07* 5 The Institute of Physics Publishing http//www.iop.org/EJ/article/0031-9155/52/4/001/pmb7_4_001.pdf?request-id=2266623f-5097-4aa8-a71d-fa1e83b6a0fc Published 17/1/07* 6 Joint-statement from the NRSA http//www.stuk.fi/stuk/tiedotteet/fi_FI/news_578/_files/82468261251448918/default/Nordic_Statement-EMF161109.pdf Published 19/11/09* 7 HPS Mobile Phones Fact-Sheet http//hps.org/documents/mobiletelephonefactsheet.pdf Adopted September 2009* 8 WHO http//www.euro.who.int/HEN/Syntheses/MobilePhones/20061017_10 Last Updated 13/11/06* 9 Dr Vini Khuranas study http//www.brain-surgery.us/mobph.pdf Copyrighted to G.K hurana 2008* 10 The Human Ecological Social Economical excogitate http//www.hese-project.org/hese-uk/en/niemr/icnirp.php Accessed 13/12/09* 11 Image of Ionizing Radiation from radiation, Science and Health inc. http//www.radscihealth.org/RSH/docs/Pollycove98_Ottawa.html

Design for a Deep Space Communications System

The communication carcass leave alone comprise of a special dual- traffic circle trans missionary station channel, namely an S-band system and an X-band system. The S-band system will be designed specifically for providing tracking, telemetry and control, while the X-band will be used exclusively for telemetry and scientific data. These systems will operate within their specified ranges (S-band extend 2290-2300 MHz, receive 2110-2120 MHz, X-band transmit 7145-7190 MHz, receive 8400-8450 MHz1) as would be specified by the ____Governing body____.The basic mission dealments and assumptions have changed since the general specifications laid out in Assignment 3, chiefly that the broadcast must land on, or come in cutaneous senses with, the comet at some focalize rather than perform a fly-by. With this in mind, the individual components that will be used on the communications system are detailed in the following sectionsAntennasThere will be both an omnidirectional S-band heli cal antenna2, specifically designed for telemetry and overlooks, as soundly as a 2.2 metre high-gain antenna3, akin to the Rosetta satellite antenna. This antenna has optimal performance within both S- and X-band frequencies and both are manufactured by RUAG Space AG, based in Switzerland.TransponderThe system will incorporate 2 redundant small deep-space transponders (SDSTs) 4, developed by General Dynamics and NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This device combines a number of communication functions receiving system, command detector, telemetry modulator, exciter, beacon generator and control functions all into one package. This transponder has Ka-band capability as rise for future missions, which comprises of a second X-to-Ka band multiplier.Envelope size of it 7.13L x 6.55W x 4.50HMass 7.0 lbs (3.2 kg) input signal Supply PowerReceiver Only 12.5 WReceiver + X-band Exciter 15.8 WAmplifiersTwo 17 W, 8.4 GHz solid-state power amplifiers5, manufactured by General Dynamics will be implemented as smaller, lighter and less expensive alternative to the traveling-wave-tube X-band amplifier. These amplifiers are designed for use as a companion unit to the SDST and can supply telemetry signals that can be connected directly to the SDST to make a complete transmitter/receiver with a single data porthole.Maximum dimensions 6.85L x 5.275W x 1.85HMass 3.02 lbs (1.37 kg)Data interface MIL-STD-1553B data interfaceOther componentsOther smaller components include a diplexer, attached to the high-gain amplifier, which will allow the S- and X- band transmitter to use the same antenna, as well as allowing the antenna to be used for transmissions on one band and receive on another band. The system will also require a coupler to assign the amplifiers to the respective antennas as well as a hybrid coupler between the amplifiers and the transponders to allow either transponder to arrive either amplifier without requiring active switching.Issues in Deep Space Communications Compared with median(prenominal) satellite communications, deep-space communications present a significant challenge specifically from the distance resulting in low signal-to-noise ratio, propagation delays, corruption as well as environmental factors such as temperature variations and electromagnetic radiation. The satellite will be passing behind the Sun for a menstruum of time, it is important to note that communication will be masked for a substantial period of time. One possible solution is to take advantage of NASAs STEREO (Solar TERrestrial Relations Observatory) satellites in orbit well-nigh the sun to provide a link between the satellite-comet intercept point and Earth while the satellite is obscured.