Research essay Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Essay - Research Paper Example Engineering is a special stream of implementing scientific concepts for the ease of mankind. From manufacturing a pen to the building of mega structures, like skyscrapers and mammoth naval vessels, engineering has been a technique to stride over decades by one simple innovation and invention. As sciences are attributed for being a self correcting knowledge, engineering has been a practical example. It involves risks and stakes that can cost even thousands of lives, and at the same time it can help millions of lives to live well. As it is seen, even today, that people are prone to the results of their tests and trials in the field of engineering, disasters sometimes become complementary. It is therefore necessary to analyze one such epitome that can provide an example of what was deemed and what was harvested. In modern times uncalled for events do occur. They somehow manage to escape in depth analysis and scrutiny for contingencies. A system that is aimed for the sake of ease of mank ind goes out of control and costs people dearly, should be thoroughly studies from different angles in order to be avoided in future. One such event of our times is discussed here. The event, which will be discussed, is a major engineering failure that reminds every engineer of the outcomes of an under-engineered system design. Case of â€Å"Chernobyl disaster, that gobbled heavy life toll and exposed many to nuclear radiation, is one of the biggest examples of modern times†. (NEA) The Soviets were in charge of the site and its operations and they were in the know about the potential nuclear hazards that could kick off anytime during its operation. As known for their use of crude technology and low level of quality assurance in engineering sector, Soviets took the issue trivially. â€Å"On 26th April, 1986, the nuclear plant that was inducted with low quality and under-engineered steam turbines and fissile material, started malfunctioning†. (safetycouncil.org.nz) This malfunctioning was of very serious nature as the steam turbines showed a stark increase in revolution due to spike in uranium fission reaction. Soon the steam turbines started reaching its maximum revolution capacity and blew up with a thud. The explosion engrossed fissures in the main core which started melting. Eventually the whole core melted and the proximity areas caught fire. The bursting of core emanated tremendous radioactive waves and particles that in the form of a radioactive fallout engulfed large swathes of USSR (Ionizing Radiation, 23). Region in a circle of more than a hundred miles was immersed in this catastrophic fall out. A cost of â€Å"Ruble 18 billion was spent and around 500,000 rescue workers and volunteers started emergency operations in the radiation stricken area†. The failure to comprehend the sensitivity of advance engineering practices to ensure nuclear core development is what is being said as the main reason for such a big loss (Yamada, 4). An answer to the question of what actually went wrong with the nuclear reactor is now clear. International organizations like IAEA have been able to formulize basic requisite for the development and deployment of such facilities. The engineering field has been given a specialized faculty of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Management to ensure fidelity with the international practices of engineering. An analysis shows that there was â€Å"no energy-spike-control mechanism†. (secondsfromdisaster.net) Further the boilers and steam turbines were not segregated from

Customer Service in Leisure and Recreation Essay Example for Free

Customer Service in Leisure and Recreation Essay The Importance of Customer Service Increased sales are one of the key ways to tell how well the company is doing. Excellent customer service means customers will buy more and recommend more products and services other people, which will add to the increase in sales. While sales are very important to leisure and recreation organisations, another way to measure the success is in terms of customer numbers, which is particularly true for non-profit making organisations. Customer service plays a major role in attracting new customers and the main source of this is the powerful influence of word of mouth. Existing customers who are impressed by the customer service at an organisation will tell other people about it. This means that an organisation keeps its existing customers as well as gaining new ones. An effective customer service policy is that customers will view the organisation in a positive way. This means the image of the organisation will be enhanced by the standard of customer service. Having a good public image is very important for: * Attracting new customers * Retaining existing customers * Reinforcing customer satisfaction * Securing repeat business * Gaining an edge over the competition An organisations public image is the mental picture that we have of the organisation. This can be based on our own experience, what others have told us about it or on what the organisation itself has told us about via its marketing activities such as advertising and public relations. Read more:Â  Recreational Activity Example Television programmes such as Watchdog also help us for an image in our heads, especially when they start reporting viewers complaints. This could have a very bad effect on the organisation. Good customer service can also enhance the image of an organisations individual products or services. For example, customers may have a positive image of a sports centre, but also have a positive image of the individual products and services such as the reservations system and changing facilities. Good customer service gives an organisation a competitive advantage. If you sell a similar product or service, you gain an edge by offering a better quality service and this gives a greater chance of attracting customers. A pleasant working environment is another benefit of good customer service. If customers receive good customer service, they will respond in a friendly and appreciative manner. Customer satisfaction is extremely important in a business and this means the organisation must meet the needs and expectations of the customers. Customer loyalty is very important in a business and good customer service helps reinforce customers loyalty to the organisation with every visit they make. If customers are loyal, they are likely to return and these people are known as repeat customers. This means the customers of the past become the customers of the future. If an organisation has poor customer service, they will suffer from: * Decreased sales * Fewer customers * A poor public image * An absence of competitive edge * An unhappy and less efficient workforce * Dissatisfied customers * Lack of customer loyalty and repeat business Personal Presentation The first impression the customer gets of personal presentation is very important as it is one they will never forget. It directly influences customers satisfaction and the image they have of the organisation. Personal presentation includes appearance, personal hygiene, personality and attitude. Appearance covers everything from clothes and footwear, to hair, make-up and jewellery. The reasons for providing staff with a uniform are: * It helps create a positive first impression * Staff are recognised instantly as working for a specific organisation * It is easy to identify a member of staff when a customer needs advice or assistance * It can indicate the department in which a member of staff works * It helps to create a professional corporate image A lot of organisations now provide their employees with a uniform. Organisations rely on their employees judgement for deciding what is and is not acceptable in terms of appearance. Some organisations set ground rules and to a large extent, this reflects the nature of the organisation and the type of customer it serves. For example, a five star hotel will be very strict with the dress code of the employees who work at the front-of-house. They will be required to wear a uniform and it may also include rules on footwear, hairstyling and make-up. The most important point is to make sure that dress and general appearance suit the job, the organisation and the customers expectations. On the other hand, the organisation should make sure that the uniform is comfortable, easy to maintain and look appropriate for staff of all builds. Anyone serving customers should have excellent standards of personal hygiene. Different types of organisations will have different standards of personal hygiene, for example, anyone who works in the food industry will be expected to wash their hands at least a dozen times a day. First impressions also come from the employees own personality. Again, different jobs require different personalities. A childrens sport coach will require a different personality to a personal fitness instructor because they are working with different types of people. From the personality of the employee, people can tell a lot about the organisation itself. The employees attitude towards the customer is critical. The customers feel that they want as much attention as possible when they go into a workplace and if an employees attitude is poor, they may feel neglected and not wanted. Types of Customers Customers have different needs depending on who they are and the circumstances. There is a difference between internal and external customers. Internal customers are members of staff or outside suppliers who contribute towards the service provided for the external customers. External customers are the people who actually buy or use the organisations products and services. External customers are then categorised into individual, group, age, culture, language spoken and specific needs. Many leisure and recreation providers serve groups and the individuals who compromise them in ways that enhance and promote customer service. Customer age groups are classified as children and adults. Although the companies feel the age of the customers is important, they also feel it is important not to make assumptions about customers needs based solely on age. Cultural background influences peoples traditions, tastes, preferences and opinions and it will therefore influence the type of service they need and expect. It is also important not to make assumptions on the culture of the customer. Foreign visitors are an increasingly important part of the UK tourism market. People still want to feel that they can be dealt with even though there is a language barrier. Large organisations often employ multi-lingual staff to communicate with non-English speaking customers. Some customers have specific needs that may require special customer service in addition to that provided to meet the general needs of everybody. These include sensory disabilities, mobility problems, literacy, dietary requirements and people with young children. Dealing with Customers Almost everyone working in the leisure and recreation industry has to deal with customers, whether be face-to-face, on the phone or in writing. Face-to-face communication has many advantages but only the staff use it well. For example, your presentation can help create a positive image. You can also use facial expressions and gestures to help communicate more effectively. Telephone communication is used in most leisure centres and it provides an essential part of customer service. Some organisations even use the telephone as the main method of dealing with the customers. For some organisations, written communication is the main way of keeping in touch with customers. Menus, tariffs or price lists and letters are all forms of written communication, along with bills, advertisements, notice boards, tickets, e-mails and timetables. Non-verbal communication comprises all forms of communication that are spoken or written down. 80% of communication is non-verbal, so it is clearly very important in customer service. Body language is the main form of non-verbal communication and people can tell how interested the staff are just by looking at them. Selling Skills Selling skills are an important part of customer service. Every time somebody asks for help, advice or information, it is probably a selling situation. As a member of staff, you should be helping customers a lot and to be able to do this effectively, you should have good knowledge of the products and services you are trying to sell. Customers can only buy products and services from an organisation if they know they exist, therefore raising customer awareness is a key part of selling skills Establishing rapport with the customer means encouraging a conservation in which the staff and the customer are both communicating on the same level. Within this category, you must also make the customer feel they have your undivided attention without being too over the top. The easiest way for staff to identify the customers needs is to ask if they need any help. From the reply, the staff will be able to decide what further questions to ask to identify the customers specific needs. Presenting the product or service to the customer in an appropriate way is important. For example, is someone wants to buy something but cannot afford it, then the staff should suggest something of a similar range but at a less expensive price. Closing the sale means actually getting the customer to buy the product or service you are offering. Some people may wish to go away and think about the offer that has just been made and in this case, it is probably a good idea to reserve the product or service. Taking a customers payment is also included in closing a sale. This should be done cheerfully, politely, friendly and gratefully to make the customer feel that they have made the correct choice by buying this product or service from this store or centre. Customer service does not end when the customer hands over their money. This is known as after-sales service and sometimes this will be immediate such as asking the customer of they have enjoyed their visit. Sometimes, if people subscribe to a gym for a year, they may need help in using the service after a couple of months. This is where after-sale service comes in useful. A technique known as AIDA is used in the design of advertising and promotional material and when considering effective selling skills. A stands for attention, I stands for interest, D stands for desire and A stands for action. If you use this technique, it will result in the customer desiring the product and therefore taking action by buying it.

Being The One Who Cares: A Good Teacher Essay -- essays research paper

Being The One Who Cares: A Good Teacher   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to be a good teacher I feel that one needs to be open and understanding of different events that might take place in the classroom. Students today are not treated the same as they were during the beginning of education and we have a variety of students which attend our public schools. There are girls, blacks, whites, Hispanic, and Native Americans and a number of other different races participating in our classroom studies. This is a wonderful accomplishment in our society. The variety of backgrounds which are found in the classrooms gives our young students a better understanding of different races and nationalities. However, with growth there are always problems. Because there are students from different backgrounds, we must cater to all their needs. There may be students in our classroom with completely different religious beliefs or no beliefs at all. Teachers must understand each student and their personal beliefs to make their learning environment comfortable. Every aspect of our society has changed, we live in a more promiscuous society. Our children are having children. We as teachers must educate our student to the deadly effects of unprotected sex. I feel as teachers earn tenure, they are more likely to effect the students in a more personably manner. Having a stable and open classroom, I feel the students will learn more and be a respected citizen in our society. In this project I will discuss, prayer in the classroom, AIDS and tenure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prayer in school is a controversial issue that must be considered and dealt with as quickly as possible. All people should feel free to worship and have loyalties to whichever religion they choose. If no religion is chosen, then the feelings of the person should be considered as will. Everyone has an opinion on this subject, but everyones opinion should not become an issue. Rather, the opinion should be offered in order to be accepted or rejected by the individual. I feel that a time should be set aside during the day to allow for mediation or introspection. This time could be used by the students for thinking, prayer, meditation or for private reflection. Therefore, those who choose to participate can do so privately. Since it is a quiet time, no religion is stressed, so whichever seems to be more importa... ...find out that the students which I have taught remembered me for the excellent job I have done.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that the student teacher relationship is an important relationship. If the student respects the teacher they will receive the best education possible. If the communication is lost, some students may stray from the classroom activities and loose the sense of the nature of a good student.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the teacher is a veteran teacher then the students are more likely to come to them regarding any problem. It may be a problem with their studies, a problem with another teacher, or even a domestic problem. Whatever it may be, we as teachers should act In Loco Parentis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I can relate to the problems in today's classroom. I feel its important for respected teachers to earn tenure, not only for themselves but for the students as well. Familiar teachers become the students friends, and topics such as sex, AIDS, teenage pregnancy and religion might not be so difficult to discuss. We need personal discussion in our classroom. What goes on inside the classroom directly affect what will happen inside the classroom.

Boston matrix analysis for BHP Billiton Group

Abstract The paper provides an analysis of BHP Billiton Group based on the Boston matrix. It is indicated that this matrix is a solid marketing tool to determine the financial performance of organisations. It focuses on companies’ market share and market growth. As a result of the implementation of the Boston matrix analysis to BHP Billiton Group, it is concluded that the company is at the position of a cash cow on the matrix. This finding has significant practical implications, and thus recommendations to use certain strategies are provided. Introduction The Boston Matrix represents a marketing tool, which is commonly used to conduct product portfolio analysis and management. This instrument was introduced by the Boston Consulting Group in the 1970s (Stern and Deimler, 2006). The Boston Matrix mainly focuses on the dimensions of market share and market growth, as these aspects are considered important to identify the areas in which companies need to utilise resources in order to optimise their profit generation capacity (Kotler, 2006). The matrix indicates a focus on a product management perspective as an integral part of the analytical process. Market share refers to the percentage of the total market, which is attained by organisations. This value can be measured by considering the percentage of revenue or unit volume. It is usually assumed that a high market share suggests significant financial benefits to a company. Market growth relates to the attractive parameters identified in a particular market (Schermerhorn, 2013). Businesses are usually grouped into four major categories: dogs, cash cows, question marks and stars. Dogs are companies that encounter the challenges of low market share and low market growth, while cash cows tend to have a high market share in low growing markets (Kotler, 2006). Question marks have a low market share in high growing markets. Stars represent the ideal situation for organisations because they tend to have a high market share in a rapidly growing industry (Stern and Deimler, 2006). These elements are reported by Stern and Deimler (2006) to generate sufficient cash and extensive opportunities for development. By applying the Boston matrix analysis to the performance of BHP Billiton Groups, it appears that specific information and trends from the company’s segments should be considered. The iron ore segment of the organisation has been following a star strategy by focusing sales in Australia due to its intention to decrease production costs, which would help the corporation obtain a bigger share of the market. This may happen even though growth in Chinese steel output significantly decreases (BHP Billiton Ltd., 2013). BHP Billiton Groups has a high market share in the Chinese location but low growth, which reflected in the price drops. This in turn decreased the revenues from the company’s associated segments. According to this dimension, the corporation has been following a cash cow strategy. The iron ore segment of the organisation is facing persistent challenges related to the decline of iron price, workers strike as well as strengthening Australian dollar (BHP Billiton Lt d., 2013). The copper segment is also affected by copper prices. As a result, the organisation has been following a question mark strategy by indicating a low market share in China due to the overall decline in copper revenues. Yet, the strategy of the company is to maintain a high market growth because of its positive production outlook in the respective segment. Similarly, the coal segment is negatively affected by low coal prices and rising cost. However, the corporation’s coals continue to be recognised as the most highly valued, supporting strong long-term margins, implying that BHP Billiton Groups has been following a star strategy in the Chinese and Australian locations (BHP Billiton Ltd., 2013). Future supply growth in the coal segment indicates that it is predominantly Australian, which directly sets the organisation at the position of a star on the Boston matrix. The fact that the outlook for the petroleum segment looks good is important to predict that the company may return to its position as a star on the Boston matrix. One of the expectations in this context is that total shale production is most likely to rise in the future (Stern and Deimler, 2006). In terms of the company’s geographical locations, it seems that geographic factors limit competition for the organisation. The company operates in more than 100 geographical locations across the world. The company’s market share is high due to its diversified portfolio of services. Moreover, its market growth is relatively high (Grant, 2013). Therefore, BHP Billion is pursuing a star marketing strategy considering the mentioned aspects. With regards to the company’s aluminium segment, it can be argued that BHP Billiton is pursuing a star marketing strategy, considering its both high market share and high market growth. For instance, the corporation’s total aluminium production for the fiscal year of 2013 is approximately 1.2 Mt (BHP Billiton Ltd., 2013). This means that the company’s market share is extremely high in this segment, which along with its high market growth in markets of Western Europe and Asia makes the corporation in a winning star position on the Boston matrix. The manganese segment of the company shows its adoption of a star strategy because approximately 80% of its production is sold directly in countries, such as China, India and South Korea (Grant, 2013). This aspect implies that BHP Billiton has both high market share in the mentioned markets and high market growth. It can be argued that BHP Billiton Group’s share prices were relatively low in 2012. This aspect prompted the company to follow a question mark strategy because despite its low market share, the provision of various natural resources took place in a high growing market (Schemerhorn, 2013). However, at the end of 2012, the corporation gradually started expanding its share prices by representing an adequate price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio. This means that the group has focused on following a star strategy in its main segments. Yet, it is challenging to estimate the market price for each product due to the extensive diversity of the company’s products (Grant, 2013). Another challenge associated with the quantification of returns is the categorisation of returns in different currencies. As previously indicated, BHP Billiton Group placed importance on location when it comes to making investments. In the United States, the corporation has been extensively concerned to adhere to a star strategy on the Boston matrix by distributing crude petroleum (BHP Billiton Ltd., 2013). It is essential to note that the company relies on its current strength of occupying a leading position in global commodities prices that are related to the health of the international economy. This suggests the potential of the corporation to predominantly follow a star strategy, which would guarantee it a better position compared to other organisations operating in the same industry sector (Grant, 2013). Nonetheless, the company is unable to predict currency assessments, which may lead to the adoption of a cash cow or a question mark strategy according to the Boston matrix. It has been indicated that certain flaws in the global economy negatively affect the performance of the corporation in the sen se of decreasing its market share in certain segments. For instance, such flaws may lead to a reduced demand for commodities, which may directly reflect in lower prices and reduced profitability of the company. The diverse portfolio of assets provided by BHP Billiton Group has assumed a solid market position of the company in its major segments. It is important to note that the corporation occupies a leading position in the trade of uranium in Australia after Olympic Dam Mine as well as of other natural assets, such as silver and copper (BHP Billiton Ltd., 2013). This places the company at a quite favourable position regarding its trade activities and thus it is more likely to adopt a star strategy in its home country. The fact that the corporation is a leading producer of nickel globally is indicative of the high market share it has in different segments and in different locations across the world (Stern and Deimler, 2006). As a result of the application of the Boston matrix analysis to the performance of BHP Billiton Group, it can be suggested that the company has the potential to make a substantial impact on the global delivery of natural assets. Its position as a star in most of its seg ments and in most locations shows solid management and leadership practices present at the organisation. It is important to note that the major purpose of the Boston matrix analysis is to help BHP Billiton Group decide which of its business units should be kept as well as in which areas it can invest further (Grant, 2013). There are different strategies to be applied considering that the organisation is in the position of a cash cow on the Boston matrix. One of these strategies is to hold in order to maintain its sales or market share (Schermerhorn, 2013). Another strategy that can be utilised is to defend its position regardless of the challenges the company faces with regards to its market share and projected market growth (Kotler, 2006). BHP Billiton Group can also implement a strategy, which is identified as ‘milk’, implying that the company is expected to use the cash it generated in the fiscal year to return to its position as a star on the matrix from the period of 2011 to 2012 (BHP Billiton Ltd., 2013). The fact that the company is at the position of a cash cow means that its profitability ratios have significantly declined. For instance, the organisation’s net profit margin, operating profit margin, ROE and ROA deteriorated in the period from 2011 to 2012 and from 2012 to 2013. It can be suggested that the company should seriously rethink its position in the market so as to try its best to restore its star position from the past (Schermerhorn, 2013). The application of the Boston matrix analysis to BHP Billiton Group’s performance yields significant conclusions about the company’s challenges and opportunities that can be addressed. Conclusion This paper has provided an analysis of BHP Billiton Group’s financial performance based on the Boston matrix. It has been indicated that the organisation is currently at the position of a cash cow on the matrix considering its high market share and low growing market (Kotler, 2006). Certain strategies have been provided so that the organisation can implement them in order to improve its position and return to the status of a star, which represents an ideal combination of a high market share and fast growing market (Grant, 2013). References BHP Billiton Ltd. (2013). Stock Analysis on Net [online]. Available at: http://www.stock-analysis-on.net/NYSE/Company/BHP-Billiton-Ltd/Financial-Statement/Income-Statement [Accessed: 14 August 2014]. Grant, R. M. (2013). Contemporary Strategy Analysis. New York: Wiley. Kotler, P. (2006). Marketing Management. New York: Pearson Education. Schermerhorn, J. R. (2013). Exploring Management. New York: Wiley. Stern, C. W. and Deimler, M. S. (2006). The Boston Consulting Group on Strategy: Classic Concepts and New Perspectives. New York: Wiley.

Are Colleges Worth the Price of Admission? Essay

â€Å"Graduating with six figures’ worth of debt is becoming increasingly common.† (179) In the essay â€Å"Are Colleges Worth the Price of Admission† Andrew Hacker and Claudia Dreifus discussed about how the price of college education is increasing, while the quality of some teachers is decreasing. Hacker and Dreifus gave tips on how to make college education successful. Hacker and Dreifus included the tips they discovered including money, faculty-student relations, classes that should be taken, graduate schools, and teaching techniques; the two also visited schools across the United States from University of Mississippi to Western Oregon and figured out what those schools were doing right to have a good success rate. Many schools have forgotten what it’s like to give a student an education that is worth their time and money. Most kids go into several thousands of dollars of debt and come out with a negligent education. If schools were to pay better atten tion to the tips given, they would be more likely to succeed in educating students. Hacker and Dreifus believe that all students should be involved in the learning process. The students must love to learn what they are learning about; but in order for that to happen teachers must love what they are teaching about and care for their students. All students must be able to use their minds. â€Å"64% of undergraduate students are enrolled in vocational majors, instead of choosing fields like philosophy, literature, or physical science.† (180) Those classes are much more difficult than general classes. Students should not be able to go through college and never be challenged; they are paying for a challenge. If a student’s relationship to faculty members is good then they will get a better education. The education shouldn’t just be the teacher not knowing names, and teaching; the relationship should be the teacher knows what the student wants to do with the degree. But, instead many teachers are apathetic when it comes to a students learning. The teacher gets paid whether they teach well or not. Another problem is many teachers are getti ng a sabbatical, which allows them to get time off every 7 years. The reasoning of sabbaticals is so teachers  can expand the research field but as Hacker and Dreifus pondered, †Do we really need that many new books or articles?†(181) The president of the school typically does no know their students. The presidents are just in the business for the money, not the student’s individual education. Some teachers try to focus on sending students to graduate school and not worry about the ones stopping their education after their two or four year degree. Schools believe that they need all of the big graduate schools on their campus. But in reality there are plenty of graduate schools in the United States. Not every school needs a graduate or medical school; in fact, â€Å"Princeton University has succeeded quite nicely without a medical school.†(182) Princeton University is an Ivy League school, and if they are doing just fine without a medical school, chances are your school will do fine also. People donate money and services to schools. That’s nice and considerate of them but most people send money to the big schools that everybody knows and hears about. Then those schools then have too many donations and begin buying unimportant things. People should try sending their money to small schools that could truly use the money and be much more thankful for it. A bundle of new teaching techniques are now available for teachers to use. Teachers need to be able to offer multiple techniques. Some techniques work better for some students, while others do not. In order for students to get the best education, they will need to use the technique that works best for them. Hacker and Dreifus visited campuses across the United States from the University of Mississippi to Western Oregon. Many of the things each of the schools had in common was that they focused on the students, had professors that cared about their field of study, and didn’t charge the most outrageous prices. â€Å"Only 10% of the classes are taught by graduate assistants† (184) was found during researching the school of Notre Dame. A school that wants to be successful cannot have a majority of classes taught by graduate assistants. Berea College and Cooper Union were both schools that students received tuition free; there were alternatives, such as labor jobs for them to pay off tuition, therefore students were not stressed about their education debt. Evergreen State College was a school that did not give letter grades. Each student was given an evaluation sheet at the end of the year. Surprisingly, the school is very successful with reports of â€Å"82% found full time employment within a year, and 93% that  applied to graduate school was accepted† (188) The teachers must pay some attention to undergraduate students, so they can succeed and hopefully go up to the next level of education. The key to a successful school is paying attention to your undergraduates and not making them pay so much money for a bad quality education. Schools need to keep in mind the tips given. Remember Hacker and Dreifus think that money, faculty-student relations, the choice of classes, the amount of graduate schools on campus, and teaching techniques are important tips to giving a student a successful education. The two learned the tips from visiting a variety of schools and doing research! WORKS CITED PAGE Hacker, Andrew and Claudia Dreifus. â€Å"Are College Worth the Price of Admission?† They say I say: With Readings. 2nd edition. Cathy Birkenstein, Gerald Graff, Russel Durst. New York: Norton, 2012. 179-189. Print.

How to answer, Why do you want to work here

How to answer, Why do you want to work here Sometimes the most obvious interview questions are the toughest. You prep and prep for the job of your dreams and do all the right things- meticulously tailor your resume and cover letter, carefully follow the steps involved in the application process, wait patiently for a response and, if you’re lucky, get invited to an interview and come face-to-face with the hiring manager. At some point in the conversation, they ask â€Å"Why do you want to work here?† And†¦ you freeze. This can be the question that separates the serious contenders from the unprepared. It is often among the first to be asked during an interview, which means it may be your chance to make a great first impression. It’s what’s known as an â€Å"open-ended question,† which means that rather than seeking a single-word â€Å"yes or no† answer, the interviewer is looking for a more thoughtful, in-depth, and carefully considered response. So, step one: take this question ser iously and prepare for it in advance of the interview. Use the following strategies to help you craft a response that will put you in good standing during your next job hunt.Demonstrate your passionThe truth is, your answer to every question on an interview should demonstrate your passion and enthusiasm for the position and for the notion of joining the company and team; your answer to this question should be no different. Hiring personnel are looking for driven candidates who are excited to come on board to this job, not just any job.  You’ll want to convey that you have the energy and motivation to potentially lead, innovate, and move the needle in a positive way. Is this you? If so, then make sure your answer details specifically why you want the exact job available.Are you passionate about the company? Do your research and be prepared to explain why. Make sure your response demonstrates that you have an in-depth of knowledge of both the industry as a whole and the speci fic company you’re applying to. Although companies are aware that there will invariably be an onboarding and training period to get new hires up to speed and fully prepared to handle all of their new responsibilities, hiring personnel are much more apt to consider candidates who already bring in a wealth of experience and an understanding of how the business operates.Explain why you’re a good fitYour reasoning for why you want to work at a company should include why you’re a â€Å"good fit† for them. Hiring personnel these days are looking for candidates who aren’t just qualified and look good â€Å"on paper†- they want to hire folks who will fit in well with their existing teams and into their culture. When preparing for an interview, be sure to do your homework to get a good sense of a company’s culture (social media and corporate websites are excellent sources of information); then, when you’re on the interview, try your bes t to give the impression that you’ll blend in well.Sell your skill setIt never hurts when answering a question to take the opportunity to demonstrate why the skills you bring to the table can translate to task effectiveness and potential success on the job; consider working into your response that your background and skills will make you great at the job (as long as you do it strategically and avoid sounding like a boasting broken record).Come ready with examples of how you’ve excelled with those skills in past jobs. Love that you’ll be working with people? Tell a specific story about a time you shined with a customer and how happy it made you. Excited to crunch numbers all day? Talk about how your love for spreadsheets has made you a whiz your whole professional life.Discuss how you can help fill their needsSure, there are lots of things you hope to get from a company if and when they hire you, but this shouldn’t be the focus of your messaging on an inte rview. Instead, the reverse should be your â€Å"main message†- how you can help address and fill the needs of the company that you want to hire you. Therefore, when answering this question, make sure your response includes why you’re in the perfect position to benefit them, not yourself. Ultimately, you want them to know that hiring you will be the best decision for their company. Your job is to convince them that hiring you will be the best decision they can make.

How to Find Valuable References for a High-Quality Research Paper

How to Find Valuable References for a High-Quality Research Paper How to Find Valuable References for a High-Quality Research Paper Research paper two words that send panic and anxiety into the hearts of numerous students. Mostly this panics is caused by the inability to find relevant references in the needed time. Dedication of time and effort is needed when writing an extraordinary and quality research paper. However, this can be easily achieved if you have a good topic with access to credible sources of information. Let’s take a look on how to find credible sources! Evaluating Sources When searching for sources, especially websites, think about whether they are reliable or not. You would want your paper to contain sources from professional and unbiased experts, rather than from people with business interests. The information you get from the author, publisher, bias, citations, accuracy, currency, design, reproduction will help you determine if a source is reliable: Good Sources Librarian/Teacher/Specialist in m=Media Related Field. You could request one of them to lead you to where there are valuable sources as regards your research topic. There is a high probability they are aware of all ins and outs of this subject more than you are for now. In some schools, libraries are divided according to the field of the potential research. It means you can receive advice from a librarian specialized in your particular topic of interest. Academic Journals. They add some professionalism and credibility to the paper, and perform a potentially efficient way of finding amazing articles on your subject, especially in science and humanities. Most colleges have a membership to a large database of scholarly articles like JSTOR or less known EBSCO Host. Ask your librarian about the similar services and databases your school might be subscribed to. Google Scholar is good as it displays how frequently an academic article was cited – a rough numerical indicator of the influence of the research. Microsoft Academic Search works especially well for technical papers in fields of physics, biology, engineering, and mathematics. Books: These are one of the ideal ways to find valuable and credible information. Because books have more details than websites, they are preferred as sources, particularly in the humanities. Your school or public library website contains so many of them. Google Books can also help you find relevant books related to your topic. Information relating to purchase of the book or how to access it in your library is also usually provided. Websites: They should be approached with caution. While a few seasoned experts and professionals publish great information across different websites, there’s a great deal of awful information published by money-minded people as well. RefSeek and ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) are databases designed for students and researchers. They incorporate a number of related journals on topics, such as social work, psychology, and other social issues. Sources You Shouldn’t Use The Dictionary. Beginning your paper with, â€Å"According to the dictionary† renders the statement weak basically because the meaning of most words is already known to the readers. So rather than using a dictionary for definition of a complex word, use a more subject centred definition from credible sources or journals in case you’re using complex terms that readers might not be acquainted with. About.com. It has a bunch of valuable information, most of which is not relevant to your research paper, like the best new cars, and 10 places to visit before you die. These are articles written basically by people who are passionate about their interests. It is a really cool website, however, you cannot be sure of the accuracy of the information because anyone can write it. And mostly professors restrain you specifically from using Wiki and similar resources. There’s no use being panic-stricken about writing an academic research paper. You’ll be on your way to writing an awesome paper if you make use of the resources in this article. They will help you access the most credible and valuable sources to base your essay on.

The Safest Type of Water Bottle to Drink From

The Safest Type of Water Bottle to Drink From Many people refill single-use plastic bottles (Plastic #1, PET) as a cheap way to carry water. That bottle was bought with water in it in the first place – what can go wrong? While a single refill in a freshly drained bottle probably will not cause any problem, there can be some issues when it is done repeatedly. First, these bottles are difficult to wash and are thus likely to carry the bacteria that have started colonizing it the minute you first unsealed it. In addition, the plastic used in the manufacturing of these bottles is not made for long term use. To make the plastic flexible, phthalates might be used in the manufacturing of the bottle. Phthalates are endocrine disruptors, a major environmental concern, and which can mimic the actions of hormones in our body. Those chemicals are relatively stable at room temperature (as well as when the plastic bottle is frozen), but they can be released into the bottle when the plastic is warmed. The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) states that any chemical released from the bottle has been measured at a concentration below any established risk threshold. Until we know more, it’s probably best to limit our use of single-use plastic bottles and to avoid using them after they have been microwaved or washed at high temperatures.   Plastic (#7, polycarbonate) The rigid, reusable plastic bottles often seen clipped to a backpack are labeled as plastic #7, which usually means there are made of polycarbonate. However, other plastics can get that recycling number designation. Polycarbonates have been under scrutiny lately because of the presence of bisphenol-A (BPA) that can leach into the bottle’s content. Numerous studies have linked BPA with reproductive health problems in test animals, and in humans too. The FDA states that so far they have found the levels of BPA leached from polycarbonate bottles to be too low to be a concern, but they do recommend limiting children’s exposure to BPA by not heating up polycarbonate bottles, or by selecting alternate bottle options. Plastics containing BPA are no longer used in the United States for the manufacturing of children’s sippy cups, baby bottles, and baby formula packaging. BPA-free polycarbonate bottles were advertised to capitalize on the public fears of BPA and fill the resulting market gap. A common replacement, bisphenol-S (BPS), was thought to be much less likely to leach out of the plastics, yet it can be found in the urine of most Americans tested for it. Even at very low doses, it has been found to disrupt hormone, neurological, and heart function in test animals. BPA-free does not necessarily mean safe. Stainless Steel Food grade stainless steel is a material that can safely be in contact with drinking water. Steel bottles also have the advantages of being shatter resistant, long-lived, and tolerant of high temperatures. When choosing a steel water bottle, make sure the steel is not found solely on the outside of the bottle, with a plastic liner inside. These cheaper bottles present similar health uncertainties as polycarbonate bottles.   Aluminum Aluminum water bottles are resistant and lighter than steel bottles. Because aluminum can leach into liquids, a liner has to be applied inside the bottle. In some cases that liner can be a resin that has been shown to contain BPA. SIGG, the dominant aluminum water bottle manufacturer, now uses BPA-free and phthalate free resins to line its bottles, but it declines to reveal the composition of those resins. As with steel, aluminum can be recycled but is energetically very costly to produce. Glass Glass bottles are easy to find cheaply: a simple store-bought juice or tea bottle can be washed and repurposed for water-carrying duty. Canning jars are just as easy to find. Glass is stable at a wide range of temperatures, and will not leak chemicals into your water. Glass is easily recyclable. The main drawback of glass is, of course, that it can shatter when dropped. For that reason, glass is not allowed at many beaches, public pools, parks, and campgrounds. However, some manufacturers produce glass bottles wrapped in a shatter-resistant coating. If the glass inside breaks, the shards remain inside the coating. An additional drawback of glass is its weight – gram-conscious backpackers will prefer lighter options. Conclusion At this moment, food-grade stainless steel and glass water bottles are associated with fewer uncertainties. Personally, I find the simplicity and lower economic and environmental costs of glass appealing. Most of the time, however, I find drinking tap water from an old ceramic mug perfectly satisfying. Sources Cooper et al. 2011. Assessment of Bisphenol A Released from Reusable Plastic, Aluminium and Stainless Steel Water Bottles. Chemosphere, vol. 85. Natural Resources Defense Council. Plastic Water Bottles. Scientific American.  BPA-Free Plastic Containers May Be Just as Hazardous.

International Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Marketing plan - Essay Example South African food market has been a market on the rise especially after the apartheid times dating back to 1994. McDonald's has had to adapt to the South African market in respect to its political, legal, and economic as well as the social environment. A firm wishing to operate in an international market must have the understanding that different nations exhibit different systems of operation (Kotler 1997). These systems include taxation laws, government policy, a country's inflation, interest and exchange rates, culture of the people, level of technology among others. The first consideration in this paper is the SLEPT analysis of McDonald's in South Africa. As earlier highlighted the end of apartheid in South Africa brought forth a great deal of developments in South Africa and in particular increased interest by foreign investors (Kotler 1997). In the lead was McDonald's which set its first restaurant in November 1995. The factors that have come to affect McDonald's under SLEPT analysis are legal, political, economic, technological as well as social ones. There are those factors related to language, ethnic background(s), religion of a people and values that they hold as well as perceptions. These factors are known to force firms to adopt completely different approaches to the market especially in the way the firm advertises its products. There are certain values and beliefs, societal norms and cultural orientations that the firm must put into consideration in conducting its day to day business. In the South African context, McDonald's faces a culture that is not too liberal like that of its mother country, USA. For this reason its products and their adverts must conform to the accepted norms under the African culture. There was also the perception that firms like McDonald's were established in South Africa to serve the white population (Kotler 1997). Due to the just ended apartheid regime, the black population had resented white affiliated facilities, goods and amenities. For this reason McDonald's had to take this market from a totally different perspective from that of maybe, China. The names and symbols of the products have to conform to the linguistic connotations or manifestations of South Africa. The firm in its adverts includes South African language so as to attract and make customers feel that McDonald's is part of them. Legal/political factors In all countries of the world, businesses are operated within the legislation frameworks set. In South Africa the adverts must conform to moral standards upheld in the law. Scenes that appear provocative for example nudity are outlawed as well as language use in adverts which should fall within the realms of social conformity. Failure to uphold these standards results in legal suits against a firm and as well as other harsh measures like license cancellation in more deviant cases. As highlighted earlier, the political changes that occurred in the early 1990s made McDonald's to view South Africa as a viable market (Kotler 1997). The political atmosphere has been quite stable as compared to many of its neighbours and this has enabled the firm to thrive. Corruption on the other hand has been relatively put to check which has made McDonald's and many other multinationals to have a better

The Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Convention Essay

The Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Convention - Essay Example The Human Rights Act of 1998 is an act of Parliament,whose main aim is to ensure that it gives further force the laws concerning human rights,contained in the European Convention.It gives the courts in the United Kingdom the power to deal with those issues,which might cause the citizens of this country to go to the European Court The act makes it illegal for all public bodies to take any actions or decisions which are in contravention to the European Convention on Human Rights. The only exception to this is Parliament,  because it has the legislative capacity in the United Kingdom, and should, therefore, remain sovereign. This Act requires all the courts in the United Kingdom to take into account the decisions which have been made by the court at Strasbourg, as well as to interpret the legislation of Parliament, so that their decisions can be as far as possible in compatibility with the Convention on Human Rights. It is, however, impossible to interpret an Act of Parliament to make it compatible with the provisions of the Convention, because courts are not allowed to override such acts (Kavanagh 2006, 179). Instead, all these courts are allowed to do is to issue a declaration of incompatibility so that the validity of a Parliamentary Act is not affected. One of the reasons why this Act does not affect Parliamentary Acts is because  one of its aims is to ensure that the sovereignty of Parliament is maintained in the United Kingdom, because it is the supreme legislative body (Feldman 2008, 8). However, the Act still gives individuals the option of taking their cases to the court of Strasbourg if they feel that they are not satisfied by the decisions of the local courts. The main function of the Human Rights Act is to give courts in the United Kingdom the power to deduce legislation so that it is in compatibility with the human rights as stated in the European Convention on Human Rights (Hope 1999, 185). This does not mean that the legislation is invalidated, and instead, the amendment of the legislation is permitted, at a fast pace, to ensure that they are in compatibility with the convention. The amendment does not necessarily remain permanent, and, in fact, it has been known for  Courts of Appeal to overturn such court decisions. This Act has to be implemented by all the public bodies in the United Kingdom except for Parliament. The public bodies, which are directly affected by this Act, include the central government as well as the local government. The courts are given wide powers to ensure that they are able to interpret both principal and subsidiary legislation so that they are attuned with the convention. The interpretation of these powers goes far beyond the normal statutory interpretation because they include the interpretation of legislation made in the past as well as those which are to be made in future (Satvinder 2006, 29). This interpretation ensures that the Human Rights Act is protected from being repealed by implicati on. The interpretation has been applied by courts in three different interpretations. The first of these is known as reading in, which refers to the insertion of words into a statute if it is found that there is none which appear in it. Another of these applications is known as reading out, and this refers to words being omitted from a statute if they are found to be in contravention with the European Convention. The last of these is known as reading down which refers to an  interpretation being declared to be in compliance with the convention (Gihring 2000, 203). However, if the courts find it difficult to interpret a statute so that it can be compatible to the European Convention on Human Rights, then they may issues a declaration of incompatibility, and in such cases, only higher courts have the power to make such declarations. Declarations of incompatibility are usually made

Terrorism and its effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Terrorism and its effects - Essay Example mber 11th, 2001 but the roots of it go back a long way in the Seventeenth century and terrorism one way or the other, on perhaps a bigger or a smaller scale was taking place in different parts of the world in the name of religion, sects and creed since then. ‘Terrorism’ has been referred to as ‘Extremism’ a gazillion times and perhaps that definition given to it can be considered because it defines the mindset behind it and the reasons why it is employed. Human life is of no value under the mindset of an individual who has been brainwashed with such intensity that he is convinced to relinquish his own life along with others. Carnage can never be the best vengeance or perhaps a way to prove the dignity of any religion because every religion promotes peace and conservation of Human life in the best way possible. Sometimes it’s even hard to make out what this concept holds for us in reality besides bloodshed and fear; nevertheless what’s worth looking into is the motive of these people who become a part of this horrid world (Linden, 2006). Terrorism in the most apparent manner has taken place globally in the form of Bomb blasts, which are also categorized into many forms such as suicide bombing and planted bombs with detonators which gives the terrorists an open opportunity to press the button to immense carnage bearing in mind the right time and place while having a particular target. After the horrific attacks that took place in New York, an active response was given back to ‘Terrorism’ in the form of ‘War on terrorism’ led by the United States of America and the purpose of which is to fight back with all the courage and to do whatever it takes to eradicate terrorism and related crimes. Many leading countries are now a part of the ‘War on Terrorism’ in order to face the challenges and primarily to save humanity from such ugly theories and viewpoints becoming reality (Halper & Clarke, 2004). Terrorism, over the years has been able to affect

Can Selling Arrangements Be Harmonised Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Can Selling Arrangements Be Harmonised - Essay Example First off, the author claims to rediscover the issue of the internal market from the rational point of view in the scope of other relationships and vital constituents the nation gets in the economical and social sense. In this respect Davis admits that positive harmonization has a broader remit, because the Treaty makes clear that the internal market is to be a market which respects non-trade values.1 Given that, the movement of goods in the course of judicially confirmed agreements and arrangements should strive to be harmonized at a particular point of interaction within the internal market. However, such integration requires a deeper analysis of positive and negative implication related to selling arrangements and the point of harmonization. ... Due to the fact that the article 95 serves a powerful instrument toward establishment of more democratic ways of the internal market functioning, there is still less points on the equality proviso. On the other hand, the article 28 is put forward to reclaim the feasibility of the Courts to make sure the trade agreements are made in keeping with the best tradition of the European letter of law. To say more, the article takes notice of the national law regulations serving for proportionality as it is.4 Looking at harmonization through a lens of debates referred to the consumers’ rights, Keck doctrine emphasizes the extent of distortions. Therefore, the competition in trade relationships is merely based on the quality and transparency of the policy-making approaches by the trade companies, it is vital to mention that the distortions of competition is a normal phenomenon in the economic activity among different states. Davis highlights in his article that the difference in views o n the internal market development and the way it should be presented in a developed country serves a driven power for the emergence of distortions: In fact the relative cost differences resulting from more or less strict consumer contracts may well be extremely marginal. Consumer measures are not primarily concerned with quanta of damages, which might have, for some industries, significant economic impact5 Influence of selling arrangements cannot but be visible on a state’s performance in the world arena. The fact is that the de minimis rule is one of the core elements to provoke distortions as the opinions will differ regarding the commercial versus social implications for the society. Whereas article 95 is more relevant

Moral laws of the jews and gentiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Moral laws of the jews and gentiles - Essay Example Paul writes to the Roman â€Å"For when the Gentiles, who have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves† (Roman 2: 14). In Romans 2: 25, He writes â€Å"For circumcision verily profiteth, if thou keep the law: but if thou be a breaker of the law, thy circumcision is made uncircumcision† (Romans 2: 25). This article explains the moral law between the Jews and the Gentiles, the relationship between Romans 2: 14-15 and 25-29, and the meaning of circumcision in the last passage. The Jews believed they were holy people who are entitled to their privileges by right, while they were rebellious and unrighteous. Paul, however, reminds them that God will judge everyone in accordance to their true characters. Paul advises the Jews to do the things contained in the law by nature. Everybody will be judged by law, and only law observers will be justified. He further clarifies that the same principles applies to the Gentiles too. The Gentiles have not written and revealed laws like the Jews, therefore, they should observe, and abide by the laws contained in the moral principles of the laws of Moses. This implies that they are a law to themselves. Their moral sense and consciences are a law. Paul does not imply that this is the law among the Gentiles, but suggests that the ethics of the law should apply to some of the Gentile’s natural characters. In Romans 2: 25-29, Paul clearly prevents Jews’ objection, those who set holiness in circumcision, and the logical observation of the law. He highlights that physical circumcision is not of any significance in an individual’s spiritual life, unless its inner interpretation is considered. He condemns those who are circumcised, but do not fulfill what circumcision signifies. According to Paul, circumcision signifies cleanliness of the heart, and adherence to the principles of the commandment of the law. Any uncircumcised man, according to the flesh, who is

Can Selling Arrangements Be Harmonised Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Can Selling Arrangements Be Harmonised - Essay Example First off, the author claims to rediscover the issue of the internal market from the rational point of view in the scope of other relationships and vital constituents the nation gets in the economical and social sense. In this respect Davis admits that positive harmonization has a broader remit, because the Treaty makes clear that the internal market is to be a market which respects non-trade values.1 Given that, the movement of goods in the course of judicially confirmed agreements and arrangements should strive to be harmonized at a particular point of interaction within the internal market. However, such integration requires a deeper analysis of positive and negative implication related to selling arrangements and the point of harmonization. ... Due to the fact that the article 95 serves a powerful instrument toward establishment of more democratic ways of the internal market functioning, there is still less points on the equality proviso. On the other hand, the article 28 is put forward to reclaim the feasibility of the Courts to make sure the trade agreements are made in keeping with the best tradition of the European letter of law. To say more, the article takes notice of the national law regulations serving for proportionality as it is.4 Looking at harmonization through a lens of debates referred to the consumers’ rights, Keck doctrine emphasizes the extent of distortions. Therefore, the competition in trade relationships is merely based on the quality and transparency of the policy-making approaches by the trade companies, it is vital to mention that the distortions of competition is a normal phenomenon in the economic activity among different states. Davis highlights in his article that the difference in views o n the internal market development and the way it should be presented in a developed country serves a driven power for the emergence of distortions: In fact the relative cost differences resulting from more or less strict consumer contracts may well be extremely marginal. Consumer measures are not primarily concerned with quanta of damages, which might have, for some industries, significant economic impact5 Influence of selling arrangements cannot but be visible on a state’s performance in the world arena. The fact is that the de minimis rule is one of the core elements to provoke distortions as the opinions will differ regarding the commercial versus social implications for the society. Whereas article 95 is more relevant

Mussolini's Ousting from Power in July 1943 Essay

Mussolini's Ousting from Power in July 1943 - Essay Example Hitler was facing a crucial strategic problem of opposing the Allies’ evident reentry in Europe – territories conquered by Germany were so immense (from France’s west coast to Greece’s east coast), that it was practically impossible for him to gauge the place the Allies were going to strike next. On the other hand, the wide choice of possible objectives and the superior sea power were the crucial strategic advantages of the Allies.Having lost its forces in Africa, only 10 Italian divisions and 2 German panzer units were available for the Axis in the middle of summer 1943. â€Å"The Allies, meanwhile, were preparing to throw some 478,000 men into the island – 150,000 of them in the first three days of the invasion.† The air superiority of the Allies in the Mediterranean theatre was also great by that time, â€Å"more than 4,000 aircraft against some 1,500 German and Italian ones† (â€Å"Sicily and the Fall of Mussolini, July-August 194 3†, 1999).So, on 10th of July 1943 Allies’ troops invaded Sicily from the sea. The coastal territories, guided mainly by Sicilians, were given up fast enough due to the unwillingness of Italians to let their motherland be turned into a battlefield to suit Germany’s interests. In only three first days of the invasion, the British forces had been able to clear the whole southeastern part of Sicily. Then the British moved toward Messina taking a circuitous route around Mount Etna while the Americans moved in an eastward direction and occupied Palermo in the west of the northern coast on 22nd of July.

The big 5 personality traits Essay Example for Free

The big 5 personality traits Essay Introduction: 1. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the ‘Big Five’ personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness) and career success (Seibert Kraimer,2001). A questionnaire was sent by post to 2781 graduates of business and engineering. 496 alumni took part in the survey (318 males and 178 females). The conclusions were that agreeableness is not well related to career success; there is no relationship between the other four factors and career success. High people orientated jobs showed a poor relationship between agreeableness and salary. Low people orientated jobs shows no relationship between agreeableness and salary. METHOD: 2. Career success can be defined as the positive psychological and work related outcomes as a final result of work completed by each individual. Construct definition is the overall basic idea which is being examined; career success. Operational definition describes what the variables are and how each is measured. The variables are extrinsic and intrinsic career success. Greenhaus et al. measured intrinsic career success with a five-item career satisfaction scale. Each participant was asked to show their levels of satisfaction with their careers, 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest. Two self-reports were used to measure extrinsic career success. Each participant was asked to show the number of promotions they had gotten throughout their career. They also had to show their annual salary level. Altogether the variables included log salary, promotions, career satisfaction, work experience, MBA degree, metropolitan area, number of employees, gender and occupation type. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001) RESULTS: 3. Central Tendency-The way in which quantitative data clusters around a midpoint. Dispersion- How far your scores are from your measure of central tendency. Mean is a measure of central tendency  Standard Deviation(S.D) is a measure of dispersion.  Sex: a categorical form of data (male/female). This is badly represented as the standard deviation is above the mean (if S.D is higher than the mean, a minus is applicable). For gender you can’t measure central tendency but you  can measure dispersion. Personally, I think that gender doesn’t belong in the table. Promotions: Are badly represented as the S.D is very high. I think that using the mode instead of S.D would resolve this issue. Career satisfaction: is represented good. Both the mean and S.D appear to work well. Career satisfaction was measured using Greenhaus et el.(1990) scale of career satisfaction. I don’t think any changes need to be made. Agreeableness: is represented good. However I think the definition for agreeableness leaves a lot to be desired for. In saying that, both the mean and the S.D appear to work well. My suggestion would be to leave it but maybe reconsider the definition. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001) DISCUSSION: 4. (A)In my opinion, I don’t agree with the definition of agreeableness in this context. ’Agreeableness is ones interpersonal orientation, ranging from soft-hearted, good-natured, trusting and gullible at one extreme to cynical, rude, suspicious, and manipulative at the other’ I don’t agree with this as only alumni from business and engineering were surveyed. Other people orientated jobs such as teachers, nurses etc. were not included. Therefore it cannot be generalised. In my opinion, I think that people high on agreeableness (in this case) have lower extrinsic career success. Whereas they may be happy in their jobs they may not get promotions. (B)Yes, I do think that agreeableness causes lower salaries for individuals working in high people orientated jobs. People who are more agreeable are more likely to fill out surveys. They are more likely to do more work for less money; therefore promotions would not come into account as employers may take advantage of these workers. (C)The sample attrition is the dropout rate which occurred. The surveys were mailed to 2781 homes of business and engineer graduates. Each individual had graduated 3-39 years prior to the survey.773 were returned (28% response rate). 668 had fully completed the survey. Out of that 668, 49 were unemployed, 33 worked part time and 96 were self-employed. The final number of participants was 496. If the sample attrition was included this could have influenced the data as the sample size would be larger and more random. Self-employed people may have different levels of personality traits, e.g. higher extraversion as they  have leadership skills. Unemployed people may be high in agreeableness as they may lack confidence. I think that would have a great effect on the overall data. (D)Two variables could be combined within one individual e.g. agreeableness and extraversion. The individual may not get a promotion due to the level of agreeableness they obtain; however with the high levels of assertiveness and sociability in an extraversion they could also get promoted. Other variables included: log salary, promotions, career satisfaction, work experience, MBA degree, metropolitan area, number of employees, gender, occupational type and the big five personality traits. By only surveying business and engineer graduates it made the study easier for themselves as there are less levels in these jobs than in other occupations such nurses or doctors. The Big 5 personality traits definitions: Neuroticism: indicates adjustment versus emotional stability. Individuals who score high on neuroticism are characterized by high levels of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self-consciousness. Extraversion: High levels of extraversion indicate sociability, warmth, assertiveness, and activity, whereas individuals low on extraversion may be described as reserved, sober, aloof, task-oriented, and introverted. Openness: is defined in terms of curiosity and the tendency for seeking and appreciating new experiences and novel ideas. Individuals who score low on openness are characterized as conventional, unartistic, and narrow in interests. Agreeableness: Agreeableness is one’s interpersonal orientation, ranging from soft-hearted, good-natured, trusting, and gullible at one extreme to cynical, rude, suspicious, and manipulative at the other. Conscientiousness: indicates the individual’s degree of organization, persistence, and motivation in goal-directed behaviour. Achievement-orientation and dependability or conformity have been found to be primary facets of conscientiousness (Seibert Kraimer,2001) High people orientated occupation is where the individual is a sociable, people person, with good interpersonal skills. People with a high people orientated occupation must be able to do the following: speak, persuade, serve, supervise, instruct, mentor and negotiate with others. Some jobs include sales, division managers, executive managers and human resource  managers, where interaction with other people is frequent. Low people orientated occupations include the opposite of high people orientated occupations. People with low people orientated jobs would work as a financial or market analyst, a MIS specialist, or an IT department where little involvement with people occurs. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001) CONCLUSION: 5. I think that there is enough evidence to support that the big 5 personality traits are related to career success. The results were as follows: The full set of personality variables was not related significantly to promotions but extraversion was correlated significantly with promotions. Intrinsic and extrinsic outcomes have been considered as related but to distinct aspects of career success. Extrinsic career success was associated with extraversion and, with less consistency, openness to experience and agreeableness. Individuals who were higher on extraversion received greater salaries and more promotions than did those lower on extraversion. Individuals who were less open to experience and less agreeable received greater salaries compared to their more open or agreeable peers. Intrinsic career success was associated with extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness. Individuals who were more extroverted, less neurotic or less agreeable experienced higher levels of career satisfaction than their less extroverted, more neurotic, or more agreeable peers. Moderated regression analysis involving extraversion and agreeableness was unable to find any major effects against intrinsic career success, suggesting that these effects are consistent across occupations requiring different levels of interpersonal interaction. Extraversion was related most consistently to career success, exhibiting positive relationships with salary, promotions, and career satisfaction. Extraversion plays in managerial advancement of persons in people-oriented and non-people oriented occupations. Negative relationship of neuroticism to career satisfaction implies that individuals high on neuroticism evaluate their careers more negatively. Negative relationship of agreeableness with extrinsic career success was provided. Although agreeableness was not related to promotions, it was related negatively to salary for individuals in people-oriented occupations. Agreeableness appears to be a liability in jobs that require  more people skills, and perhaps more â€Å"political† skills. Agreeableness also was related negatively to career satisfaction. There was no support for the hypotheses that neuroticism and conscientiousness are related to the two measures of extrinsic career success, salary, and promotions. Findings suggested that individuals who were more open received lower salaries. Since these results were not hypothesized, confirmation of these relationships in future research is required. The results of the control variables examined in this study generally are consistent with previous career research. Strengths: The results found were accurate. The results found were similar to previous studies. They were able to prove some of their hypostasis. Gives opportunities for future research. Weaknesses: Fault with gender and promotions: mean and standard deviation. I personally don’t agree with some of the definitions. Only business and engineering graduates were surveyed. The sample was small. Self-report, people may not be 100% honest. Most alumni were from Caucasian background. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001) BIBLOGRAPHY Scott E. Seibert and Maria L. Kraimer Department of Management Labour Relations, Cleveland State University.

Cultural Research of Nayar of India

Cultural Research of Nayar of India This research paper provides insights into the Political Organization, Gender Relations, and Beliefs and Values of the agrarian state and cultural practices of the Nayar people of southwestern India. By understanding the Nayar culture, people may better understand and appreciate cultural differences between the Nayar culture and that of their own. In the essay, Some Aspects of Nayar Life Panikkar (1918) states, The Nayars are at present an essentially agricultural population. The vast majority of them are peasant proprietors owning small farms. Rice and coco-nuts are the chief things cultivated, though in North Malabar pepper and card oman have also their share (p.285). It should also be noted that states are much more complex and stratified than chiefdoms, so it is not feasible to rely solely on kinship as a recruitment method. In state systems, land ownership and occupation are at least as important as kinship as a system of organization; the state itself becomes a key institution of organization. (Nowak, et al., 2010, ch.7.8, n. p.). Of particular interest is the fact that the Nayar as with other caste societies, marry within their own caste. While this similarity with other endogamous societies helps to preserve the class of people, the Nayar marriage practices vary considerably from other agrarian states and caste for which I explain later. Political Organization The political system among the Nayar people has as with most cultures that have been the target of colonialism and capitalism, seen considerable change over last several hundred years. Much of the former kinship, matrilineal and political structures and systems of the Nayar culture have all but vanished. Kathleen Gough (1952), stated that Later in the nineteenth century, more deep-rooted economic changes took place, and these have increased in momentum until all the traditional groupings of caste, village and lineage are dis-integrating (p. 79). The political and economic influence during the later part of 19th century by the British probably had the most notable impact on the Nayar people. European military forces and government structures as well as the introduction of machines played a significant role in the changing political and economic structures and systems as well as building of permanent roads and railroads. The introduction of new trading opportunities, realignment of jobs, tighter controls to ensure peace, increased use of monetary currency, and broader reaching governmental jurisdiction across caste and villages played a vital role in redesigning the Nayar culture and politics as well. Evidence of this breaking down of prior systems has been described as The expansion of trade, the introduction of new technological devices, and the opening up of new occupations, produce new economic classes between which there is mobility, and which to some extent cut across the affiliations and ranking of caste. (Gough, 1952, p. 81). Through the elimination of caste ranking, socioeconomic and sociopolitical class rankings no longer limit Nayar people from changing class levels and limits have become more aligned with performance and education. With the introduction of formal government, monetary systems, increased import and export as well as technological advances, the former Nayar methods of controlling the distribution of wealth, food and other trade labor as well as class distinctions have resulted in a more capitalistic society. Along with these changes, the Nayar people are increasingly integrating practices common in more advanced capitalistic and socialistic society forms of government, business, and family relationships. Gender Relations Anthropologists studying the Nayar society of southwestern India continue to struggle with defining certain aspects of gender relations in a western context. One such area of significant interest and difficulty is in contrasting Nayar marriage with marriage in western society and terms. While marriage may be seen by many as a cultural universal even in consideration of variations such as polygamy, the Nayar marriage purpose and experience is quite different from marriages in most other societies. Perhaps, such significant differences would be more understandable if a different term other than marriage was used to represent Nayar marriage. One example of the differences in Nayar marriages as stated by Miriam Koktvedgaard (2008) was that The Nayar of India practiced a form of non-fraternal polyandry in which several men were simultaneously the husbands of one wife. Usually only the first husband underwent a ritual marriage with the woman before she entered puberty (p.11). This cultural practice appears to be an extraordinary characteristic of the Nayar unlike most other marriage constructs. Not so much perhaps as a woman having multiple simultaneous husbands although rare, but having ritual marriages with a woman that has not reached puberty. In order to further elaborate on the marriage of girls that have not yet reach puberty, I should explain that Before a girl reaches puberty, a Nayar girl is married to a man as a rite of passage. The man she marries has no rights to the girl, and she has no obligation to him. When she is older, the girl is allowed to enter into other marriages and have children with those husbands. (Nowak, et al., 2010, ch 7.8, n.p.) Anthropologist suspect that by maintain a loosely committed marriage relationship with both men and women being sexually active with other mates or spouses, it allows men to stay away for long periods of time with little affect on the family system. Another characteristic of the Nayar gender relationship was with regard to the definition of the domestic unit or nuclear family in that The central Nayar domestic unit consisted of a mother, her daughters and their children; husbands and wife did not set up house together (Koktvedgaard, 2008, p. 11). While for some it may be difficult to show proper respect for the differences in marriage practices and to fully comprehend how the standard definition of a domestic unit that does not include a husband or father could exist, these are important distinctions remain. Interactions by an outsider with beliefs that differ from Nayar gender relations and beliefs could easily produce criticisms or a sense of condemnation which could quickly derail otherwise honest attempts at gaining progress or cooperation. It has been recognized however that the influence of British colonization and the exposing of criticisms and by force that the matrilineal change to patrilineal form of family organization has been made. Beliefs and Values Over thousands of years of considerable influence by mainstream religious faith denominations such as Christianity, Judaism, and Hinduism, the Nayar have been substantially un-phased in adopting one of the recognized religions. Evidence of the lack of adoption of a primary religion by the Nayar is stated as Nothing shows so much the extreme persistence of primitive culture, even in the face of higher civilising agencies, than the wide and almost universal acceptance of spirit-worship, and the almost entire absence of religious life among the Nayars after at least twenty centuries of contact with Hinduism Panikkar, (1918), p.277. While the Nayar do use Hindu temples for worship and ceremonies, the nature of these particular practices are not recognized under any Hindu creed or other religion for that matter. The Nayar belief in magic and spirit worship continues although they are recognized leaders in literature and music within their culture and subsequently would not be considered uncivilized. Another characteristic of the Nayar people is where they fit within a caste society. A caste is an endogamous social grouping into which a person is born and within which a person remains throughout his or her lifetime. It is an ascribed position. (Nowak, et al., 2010, ch 7.8, n.p.). Within these groupings, marriages and other interactions which were tightly controlled even forbid physical touch across caste. With the capitalistic evolution and exposure to western culture, the adherence too many of the cross-caste practices continue to see change. The impact on discussions or considerations concerning life, business or religion with Nayar people considering both the likely absence of common religious beliefs and belief in magic and spirit worship could be significant. Consider a Christian believer entering into discussion with a Nayar community by condemning Nayar core religious beliefs in hopes of collecting contributions for acquiring land for a new church. In this example, it is unlikely this approach would succeed given criticism of beliefs as a basis for support. If religious beliefs vary as significantly as I have described, what is valued is also in conflict. These differences would then become obstacles in coming together towards common goals if not taken into consideration prior to presenting a position introducing mutually beneficial outcomes in which both parties increase items or results of value. Conclusion The Nayar depended largely on rice for food and to a lesser extent vegetables, fish, and poultry. The formation and growth of families was largely relative to the amount of land they owned and the class of house. The ownership or family structure that developed as a result was more of a community or corporate type of ownership model which was significantly linked to the women and her side of the family in years past. The Nayar are heavily involved in politics and other forms of industrialized production observable by the number of local printing businesses while continuing their tradition of agriculture. In many ways, the Nayar people and culture has adopted many aspects of American and European culture. By gaining a better understanding of the Nayar political organizations, gender relations, and beliefs and values, people from other cultures will better understand and appreciate the cultural differences. This enhanced awareness will be beneficial in helping to offer solutions to problems in government, business growth, housing, and as other forms of industry are introduced or sought out.

Cleopatra :: essays research papers

Cleopatra’s father was Ptolemy XII, who began his rule of Egypt in 80 BC but he was not respected and thought to be weak. His nickname was â€Å"Auletes†, which means flute player in Greek. Cleopatra’s mother could possibly be Cleopatra V, who either died or disappeared in 68 BC. Cleopatra had two older sisters, two younger brothers, and one younger sister.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ptolemy XII ruled until his death in 51 BC. His will said that Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII were heirs to the throne. The two married and jointly ruled Egypt. Ptolemy II had established these brother-sister marriages as custom, when he married his sister Arsinoe II. Cleopatra and her brother ruled jointly, though the marriage was solely in law. Cleopatra was about 18, and Ptolemy XIII was about 10. They were named King and Queen of Egypt in 51 BC. Cleopatra did most of the ruling and left her brother out it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ptolemy served as a puppet for power-hungry advisors and in 48 BC kicked Cleopatra out of the palace. Cleopatra retaliated by building her own army outside the city. Cleopatra knew that she had to get to Caesar and tell her side of the story. She had herself smuggled into the palace in a rug. The young Queen enchanted Caesar, and the two spent the night together. Ptolemy XIII was called to the audience and was dismayed to see that Cleopatra was at his side.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What was a war between Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII, evolved onto a war between Ptolemy XIII and Caesar? Caesar had given Cyprus back to Egypt, and Arsinoe IV and Ptolemy XIV were named rulers. Arsinoe appeared to believe that she should also be Queen of Egypt, because of her alliance with Ptolemy XIII against Caesar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Caesar may have had Pothinus beheaded because of what he did to Pompey, or he may have died in the fighting. Way, he was either dead or missing. Ptolemy XIII, hearing of this, threw his crown down and stormed out of the palace. He supposedly later drowned trying to leave the city. Caesar took prisoner Arsinoe IV.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cleopatra was then restored to the throne and again married to her brother, Ptolemy XIV. It was 47 BC, and Cleopatra was 22 years old, and Ptolemy XIV was 12. Cleopatra again acted as sole ruler, and this time managed to keep Ptolemy XIV from influence. Since Arsinoe IV was considered a traitor, Cyprus was now under the direct rule of Cleopatra

Oral History Essay

In recreating the historical aspect of life and experiences, one particular area has already flourished and created a definite voice and way to elucidate what other things that were missed by the historians. Oral history became popularized through its ability to generate a powerful narration of a personal account of what other historical artifacts may be found. It seems that oral history has paved the way of giving out the accounts of our forefathers as a way of a hand-me-down run-down of the past. Although normally most people have certain qualms or reservations regarding this arena, it still could not be helped when most cultures generate their own historical marks through this process. This might be due to this particular regeneration and recreation that people are skeptical about. The verification of these orally transmitted histories would take a lifetime to discover or it might take a rigorous process. In a way, it would not be helped then that oral histories are taken with much doubt. These doubts then could be alleviated by means of meticulous and precise research and background study. It might not eradicate all the skeptics but it could give justice and justification in regarding oral histories as merely hearsays. True enough that oral histories would come to be formulated though word of mouth but giving a certain backdrop could, at the least, make it acceptable. Oral history then provides us with an alternative into viewing history as a whole. There could be two general reservations for oral history. The first is its inclination towards a more personalized view of historical aspects. Lastly, the discussion on oral history’s inclination towards the artistic implications would be tackled in giving a light to the personalized input of the subject matter, oral history. It is the aim then of this paper to view oral history as a part of a broader argument for it being a form of art of which art as another contributor to history. Suffice to say, oral history would then be investigated as a form of an art work through its personalized and artistic quality. In connection to this then, an argument for art being a contributor to history would be played to reveal that oral history too could be a source of history, albeit a particular view but a source nonetheless. This ambitious event would take place then through arguing that narratives from oral history could recreate a more artistic ideal and with this generates a whole new perspective regarding the personalized approach to oral history. It would not be scraped then that oral history has a hint of a more personalized quality. It would seem that life stories are generally tainted with the perspective of the speaker and at the same time the views are â€Å"reportable† in nature (Linde 20-21). In the advent of this occurrence, it could be seen then that autobiographies and/or biographies are personalized in nature through the prospect that it is in the perspective of the speaker. It was generally known that autobiographies and the like are written in this approach. To come to terms with this aspect then is to be able to recognize that some of these biographies are taken orally through interviews and just as final output it was written to be published. What is essential though is that this form of story is just apart of the whole perspective of culture, event, etc. The person or the self then greatly contributes to the whole (Linde 50). Given that these personal accounts could contribute to the whole, it would not then be amiss to claim that there are certain indications where the personal quality of oral history, in this case autobiography and/or biography, is useful for the historical aspect of a tribe, or a country. These accounts then could be verified through the more holistic and objective aspect of history. The danger that is presented in this aspect is that it could become a mere novel where fictional attribution is heavily distinguished in the work. A good resolution for this danger is to be able to have a certain framework that would surely not deviate from the purpose of the literary work. The realization and the recognition of the aim then are through seeing that the work as needed to generate a particular view of the general historical event. It is in this view that narratives could work through framing, where it becomes a â€Å"sharing of memory within a culture (Bruner 56). † What could be inferred here is that although the works are personal in nature, it should be case that these accounts are used in accordance to what constitutes the factual events of the time. In a way, these aspects then could be seen in the light of certain historical and cultural hints in the work. It was said that â€Å"schematic† basis should be generated through the institutional and historical aspect where the experience of the speaker came from (Bruner 57). The best recourse then is to be able to identify a written output as a plain autobiography and/or biography with a certain aim and balanced fictional input, just enough to heighten the affective quality that it would have on the reader. It could also be seen that this personalized contribution could be seen in a collective manner. This is, again, with the implication that these works were â€Å"canonical interpretation† of an event. In this aspect, it could then be viewed that a collective memory of a group could become an ideology set for reporting an event or even a particular conception in relation to societal factors (Billig 60-61). It was said then that this memory could be a process in reconstructing the past through a certain discourse (Billig 62). In a way, a retelling of the past then occurs through a conversational way and at the same time it could commemorate what had happened. It was said that oral history could take the form of a narrative concerning a person’s perspective regarding his/her culture. One way of looking at this is the way it could generate an autobiographical and/or biographical sketch of a person’s life. In a way, it would seem then that an interview or of same sort could recreate a different milieu of the more generalized objective report of historical accounts. What is meant by this is that some people tend to portray their culture through a more literary perspective. The stories that could be compiled then from word of mouth from ancestors could become a way in recreating historical accounts at the same time it gives out an artistic quality to it. Folk tales are recognized as traditional input of legends that could become a way in extracting a more cultural approach in history. This tradition not only secures the cultural aspect in it but also secures that the belief system of a group and be passed down from generation to generation. As was mentioned earlier, a popular approach to oral history is through the usage of the autobiography and/or biography. It is in this case that life stories could be used in producing a historical account. Although this form may be written when published but the part where it was oral is the fact that these written forms could come from the interviews that was done to compile such work as was mentioned earlier. It is the case then that a certain goal or aim should be realized and reached when giving out the interview. It would be the goal where a more detailed aspect of, for example, a war or a detailed aspect of what was happening at a certain event. Only that these detailed reports would come from a certain perspective or angle rather than a more holistic approach the way the usual writing of history is done. In the light of this occurrence, it could then be said that the narrative has a tinge of a dramatic approach to the cultural basis of which the story could introduce. This dramatic attempt then makes it hard for the people to actually count these autobiographical and/or biographical sketches as an authentic output of historical events. But what is fascinating about these narratives is that it suggests a certain value of combining the seemingly obvious to the obscure (Bruner 47). This could happen through generating a more personalized way of construing the historical account. What could be said about narratives is that it could be real or imaginary without ever taking the power that it could create for the readers (Bruner 44). In this case then, life stories could provide a tableau for both events without succumbing to a more fabled or fictional function of narratives and/or stories. The problem of folktales is that it has a more fabled approach to it that generally it could not reassure the readers of the authenticity that they are inclined with. In the autobiographical and/or biographical approach, it has a minimal problem with regards to authenticity that it would not create a major problem among readers. The literary input then could be balanced by the factual input of the biographer that this authenticity problem would not be a major concern. What could be the major concern is that whether or not the synchronicity of factual to a more literary approach is well balanced so as to not make the work look more literary than necessary. Given this attribute then, it would seem that the life stories could generate a backdrop for the wider and objective view on history. A good example is the book is the autobiography of Delfino Cuero. The book contains a concise historical documentation of the tribe of which Delfino Cuero belongs and a historical chronology of what was happening during a certain time span as well as the cultural history of Delfino Cuero (Shipek 7-18). It could then be presumed that a right combination of the narrative and the factual input could create certain oral historical outputs that are both informative and recreational. The mundane and the objective then combined could produce a historical deviation from the usual report style documentation of events. The artistic implication set then is the fact that biographies and/or autobiographies could be deemed as literature. It was generally seen that literature is a form of artwork. It generally gives a certain hint of the cultural background of a certain place, people, or country. It could be seen that literature has become one of the paths on providing certain backgrounds on the cultural aspect as well as the events of a given place. It is a leeway of which historical events are colored to produce the necessary outcome. In lieu of what was mentioned above it could be seen then that these works formed as a literature could be seen as an artwork of some sort. In this aspect, a view on art as one of the contributors of history could be seen. It would seem that art and artworks could generally create the necessary background of the cultural aspect of history as well as certain accounts of the historical aspect of a place or country. Take for example sculptures, there chronological and sequential updates could view a certain aspect of the progress of civilizations. Another area of which these form of artwork tackle is the direct or indirect influence of other countries or civilizations in the country. It could then be a way to produce certain evidences needed for accounting the historical events of a place. In autobiographies and/or biographies, it could be seen that the accounts made by the speaker or author could generally pinpoint a certain area of the countries’ progress. As was repetitively implied earlier, the particular perspective would then come from a general view of the historical event. It could then be deduced that oral historical forms could come through interviewing and would generate an autobiographical and/or biographical production that is generally written in format. This production then could be personalized in nature but given a much canonical interpretation, it could produce a credible and authentic output for a particular view in history. What could be essential is that these memories should become a recollection of the past at the same time it could commemorate the episodes in the past. It could then be further deduced that the artistic implication of these works are more intended through the mixture of the literary inputs that could be used. A balanced work would then mean that fictions are not at the majority but they are used for the aesthetic purpose of the said productions. In this light, it could then be said that the written output could be seen as a literature where it was known to be a form of artwork. It would then be discovered that the contributions that artworks have in history is a way in handing out evidences of the cultural and general accounting of the events that was happening before. The contribution then of oral history could also be recognized by the fact that it could not be limited to folktales but that it could generate a more particular view of the events that happened in history aside from one of its aspect as a form of artwork.